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• _ 

Standard Chronology 


OP THE 


HOLT BIBLE 


BY 

W. Sf AUCHINCLOSS 

* 

AUTHOR OF “LINK AND VALVE MOTIONS” (PUBLISHED IN BERLIN AS “ SCHEIBER UND 
OOULISSENSTEURUNGEN;” PUBLISHED IN HOLLAND AS “ STOOMSCHUIF EN 
8CHAARBEWEGINEN ”). AUTHOR OF “NINETY DAYS IN THE 
TROPICS,” ALSO OF “ WATERS WITHIN THE 
EARTH AND LAWS OF RAINFLOw” 


INTRODUCTION BY 


A. H. SAYCE, LL.D. 

PROFESSOR OF ASSYRIOLOGY, QUEEN’S COLLEGE. OXFORD. ENGLAND 


• • 


5 » 

« > • 


NEW YORK 

FOE BALK BY 

D„ VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 

SCIENTIFIC BOOK PUBLISHERS 

25 Park Place 


1920 




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COPYRIGHT 1916 
BY 

W S. AUCHINCLOSS 


* ® o 
* ) 

*r.'' 

APR - 7 *22 

§>C!.A6 7404 0 



DORNAN, PRINTER 




PHILADELPHIA 



THE OBELISK of ON 
Now located in Central Park, New York City. 
Dates from b.c. 1700, when Joseph married the 
Princess of On. 


















































































































' 


- 






Chronology is the skeleton of history, and before a history 
of Israel can be written it is necessary that we should have some 
system of chronology to which to attach it. Light has been 
thrown upon the chronology of the Old Testament by recent 
discoveries in Egypt and Assyria, but the application of these 
discoveries must be preceded by a thorough examination of what 
the Old Testament itself has to tell us upon the subject. Older 
chronological schemes like those of Usher or Hales have long 
since been discredited, and the time has come for a scheme that 
will better suit the critical requirements of today. Such a scheme 
is presented by Mr. Auchincloss, whose book contains an exhaus¬ 
tive account of the chronological data of the Old Testament. 
The student will find in it not only all the materials needed by 
the chronologist, but also a combination of them into a consistent 
and scientifically checked system. No pains have been spared 
to make the work at once complete and clear, and the tables 
have been supplemented by a chronological index which will 
much facilitate their use. 

From the reign of Rehoboam onward, Judseo-Israelitish 
chronology ought to offer little difficulty. The compiler of the 
book of Kings had dated annals before him, and it might have 
been supposed, therefore, that the chronology of the period 

0 ) 


would have been accurately known. On the contrary, however, 
it has been the despair of later chronologists, and the decipher¬ 
ment of the Assyrian inscriptions has shown that the sum-total 
as given by the compiler is about forty years in excess. Mr. 
Auchincloss has now pointed out how this has come about. The 
Hebrew writer has gone wrong in trying to “balance accounts.” 
He has struck out twenty-seven years from the reigns of the 
Judah’s kings, and nine years from the reigns of Israel’s kings. 

Before the reign of Rehoboam the chronological problem is 
less simple. Mr. Shaw Caldecott has lately made it clear that 
Solomon’s palace was destroyed by Shishak when he sacked 
Jerusalem in the fifth year of Rehoboam; whatever annals were 
kept in it would have been destroyed also. Hence it is that the 
fragments of the annals of David’s reign preserved in n Sam. 
vm and x are not dated, and that the annals of Solomon’s 
reign are not given at all. That such annals once existed, how¬ 
ever, is certain. A yearly chronicle of events was kept in Egypt 
and Babylonia from the earliest period, and a papyrus of the 
Davidic age, now at St. Petersburg, shows that a similar 
chronicle was kept in the Phoenician cities, while the name of 
the “Recorder,” that is, of the Registrar of the state annals, 
whose duty it was to record the chief events of each year of a 
king’s reign, is given for the reigns of both David and Solomon 
[n Sam. viii, 16; xx, 24; i Kings, iv, 3]. 

What the capture of Jerusalem by Shishak did for the state 
annals of David and Solomon the destruction of the national 
Sanctuary at Shiloh by the Philistines did for the earlier chronicles 
of the Hebrew people. Exact chronological notices like that of 
the duration of Chushan-rishathaim’s rule [Judges hi, 3] show 
that chronological records of the age of the Judges must have 
been preserved in other places besides Shiloh. Moreover, while 
the official annals of David and Solomon would have been 
( ii ) 


inscribed upon papyrus, or parchment, in the Hebrew language 
and characters, those of the age of the Judges (as has now been 
made clear by archaeological discovery) would have been upon 
clay tablets and in the cuneiform characters of Babylonia. 
Since the clay tablets are practically indestructible, it is prob¬ 
able that they are still lying under the ruins of the Hebrew 
Sanctuary at Shiloh awaiting the spade of the excavator to bring 
them again to light. The papyrus records of the Jewish kings, 
on the other hand, will have perished in the conflagration of the 
archive-chamber in which they were kept. 

a. h. 



(iii ) 



PREFACE 


This investigation of Bible Chronology is entirely new and 
original. It has brought to light a system of dates in every 
case more reliable than any heretofore employed, whose 
authority rests absolutely on the numerical statements of the 
Holy Bible- 

It is offered as a substitute for the Usher system, which 
has outlived its usefulness. 

The great beauty of the Bible record is that, together with 
historical data of the most varied character, it supplies a 
complete set of checks and counter-checks for its numerical 
statements. These have been the means of preserving the 
original sense and integrity of the text amid possible errors 
of translators and copyists, so that at the present day we are 
able to steer a straight course through the seas of antiquity 
with every assurance of certainty and at the end of the course 
to present an unbroken chronology which spans fifty-three 
centuries; the parts coming together like the pieces of a beau¬ 
tiful mosaic and its Divine origin shining forth with unmis¬ 
takable fulness. 



FUNDAMENTAL DATES. 


B.C. 

The Promise to Abraham ..1907 

Genesis xii, 7 

Thence to the Exodus. 430 yrs. 

Exodus xii, 40 

The Exodus., . 1477 

To division of the land. 46 yrs. 

To Jephthah (page 13). 200 “ 

To 4th year Solomon (page 13) ... 234 “ 

See i Kings vi, 1 . . . . . . 480 “ 480 yrs. 

The Temple . 997 

To burning of the Temple (pages 40, 47) ... . 411 yrs. 

Nebuchadnezzar.. b.c. 586 

(vi) 











CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Introduction by Professor A. H. Sayce, LL.D. .... i 

“In the Beginning”.3-6 

PART I. 

Data Assembled and Analyzed..7-32 

PART II. 

Josephus and Chronology . . 0 33-40 

PART III. 

Bible Chronology . 41-49 

PART IV 

Israel of the Exodus. 50-60 

PART V. 

Assyria and Chronology ............ 61-70 

PART VI. 

Bible Dates Expressed in Years b.c. ....... 71-75 

PART VII. 

Chronological Index . 76-99 

Maps, Blueprints and Cuts ... 17, 22, 295, 32, 56, 61, 70, 71 

APPENDIX 

Books of the Old Testament. 101 

High Priests of Israel. 103 

Line of the Prophets. 105 

Ancestry of Samuel . 107 

( 1 ) 


\ 















“IN THE BEGINNING.” 


The Esquimaux never worries o'tfgr the “DAYS” of 
Creation. He supposes they amounted to 7 years. His 
“EVENING” is 7 months long and his “MORNING” 5 
months, periods of time sufficiently long to cause no strain on 
his faith. It is only in civilized regions that faith is put to the 
severest test, for in them the day is divided into two parts 
of 12 hours each. Both theories are wrong. The observers 
forget that the Bible is obliged to use popular language in 
describing celestial events. They overlook the fact, that we 
mean a number of years when we speak of “OUR DAY and 
generation,” or again of “The DAY of chivalry,” and so on. 
We must accord the same latitude to the writer of Genesis if 
we examine the magnificent scale on which God created the 
heavens. 

Let us visit one of those watch-towers of the sky where the 
astronomer studies in silence the glories of the Universe. Ask 
him to tell you how fast light travels?—He will say 192,000 
miles per second—How long does it take the light from the 
Sun to reach the earth?—Answer:—8 minutes. How long 
from the nearest star? He will tell you 4 years, and that the 
most distant star is beyond his power of calculation. How 
many stars are there?—He will show you a catalogue of 
1,000,000 and tell you that he thinks there are 99,000,000 more, 
still unregistered. Why does he think so?—Because, one tiny 
star in the constellation of Hercules has been photographed 
and shows a perfect galaxy of shining bodies. Those in the 
brilliant centre cannot be counted, but those outside by 

( 3 ) 



actual count number 28,000. The tiny star which looks so 
minute to the naked eye is undoubtedly an aggregation of 
70,000 shining orbs, whose light has travelled untold ages in 
reaching our earth. 

In a word, the stars are so distant that, although there is 
good reason to believe they are all in motion, still they are 
called “fixed stars,” because they seem to be fixed in the 
heavens. 

Since both time and space are unfathomable, let us rest 
our faith firmly on the Bible declaration that:— 


“In the BEGINNING 

“God created the heavens and the earth”— 

“And God saw that it was good.” 


(4) 



One tiny star magnified becomes 70,000 shining orbs. 













































































































DATA ASSEMBLED AND ANALYZED. 


The Bible is not a work on Chronology any more than it is a 
treatise on astronomy or physics. We therefore approach it in 
the wrong spirit when we expect to find a list of reigns arranged 
with the precision characteristic of any history of England where 
years, months and days are minutely stated. On the contrary 
the Bible scarcely takes notice of months and days but deals in 
full years, merging odd months with the reign preceding or fol¬ 
lowing, consequently the true length must be determined by 
historic conditions found in the Bible, before the count can 
proceed. Our first duty then will be to ferret out the unknown 
quantities and use them in connection with the known. By this 
means, the full current of Scripture light will be turned on to the 
Grand Avenue of Bible history, and all occasion for stumbling 
or perplexity will be removed. 

The first obstacle encountered in constructing a continuous 
record is found in the life of the prophet Samuel. 

“Stop right here!” some one will exclaim; “you may search the 
Bible from cover to cover and you cannot find any mention of 
how many years Samuel bore supreme rule in Israel!”— We 
say * — Granted ! but the Scripture gives you all the data neces¬ 
sary for determining that period, and why ask more, when you 
can figure it for yourself ? 

We find that:— 


Samuel’s Leadership. 

Acts 13, 20 From division of land to reign of Saul was 
Judges 11,26 “ “ “ “ “ Jephthah “ 

Consequently from Jephthah to Saul - 
(7) 


450 years 
300 “ 

- 150 years 




8 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Brought forward ( From Jephthah to Saul) 150 years 


Judges 12, 7 

Now Jephthah judged Israel for 

6 yrs, 

“ 12, 9 

“ Ibzan “ “ 

<< 

7 “ 

12, 11 

“ Elon 

ti 

10 “ 

“ 12, 14 

“ Abdon “ “ 

U 

8 “ 

“ 13, 1 

“ Philistines ruled “ 

U 

r 20 “ 

“ 15, 20 

“ Samson judged “ 

u 

{ 20 “ 

i Sam. 4, 18 

“ Eli 

ii 

40 “ 


From Jephthah to Samuel was.Ill years 

Therefore Samuel ruled Israel for. 39 years 


This demonstration beautifully illustrates the necessity of treat¬ 
ing the Bible as a whole and comparing Scripture with Scripture. 
Evidently without the book of Acts, no one could ever have 
known how many years Samuel ruled, and for that matter, how 
many years Saul was on the throne of Israel. But the book of 
Acts in conjunction with Judges and Samuel, reveal the whole 
truth in regard to both reigns. 


JOSHUA AND THE ELDERS. 

Every true patriot loves to celebrate the anniversaries of his 
fatherland, he also places special emphasis on Centennial occa¬ 
sions. The children of Israel were no exception to the rule, only 
their periods of celebration seem to have been 40 years long 
and were patterned after their years in the wilderness. We 
think their first celebration was described in the 23rd chap, 
of Joshua, where it is said:— 

“And it came to pass a long time after that the Lord had given rest unto 
Israel from all their enemies round about, that Joshua waxed old and 
stricken in age” 

The 24th chap, gives in part Joshua’s valedictory address in 
which he reminded them:— 


Ye dwelt in the Wilderness a long time. 










JOSHUA AND THE ELDERS 


9 


If this conjecture is true, then we know that Joshua was 25 
years old when Israel left Sinai for Canaan, 64 years when they 
crossed the Jordan, 70 years when the land was divided and 110 
years at the time of his valedictory address. We are supported 
in this contention by several passages:— 

“And he turned again into the camp; but his servant Joshua, the son 
of Nun, a young man departed not out of the Tabernacle.” [Exodus 33,11.] 

“And Joshua, the son of Nun, the servant of Moses, one of his young men , 
answered and said.” [Num. 11, 28.] 

Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, testified when the land was 
divided:— 

Joshua 14, lO.-“Now, lo, I am this day fourscore and five years old.” 

Num. 13 , 30.—Observe how the mob paid respect to Caleb’s age. 

Caleb’s name is mentioned before Joshua’s, Caleb being 40 
when Joshua was 25. [Num. 32, 12.] It follows that the entire 
time from the division of the land to the death of Joshua was 
about 40 years, and the first anniversary celebration took place 
just before Joshua delivered his valedictory oration and charged 
the people to choose that day whom they would serve. During 
those 40 years Joshua built the city of Timnath-serah in Mount 
Ephraim and dwelt therein. [Joshua. 19, so ] This division of time 
left 20 years for the Elders who outlived Joshua. [Joshua. 24,31.] 
Those 20 years are graphically described in the last 5 chapters 
of the book of Judges, while the weakness of the government 
also the lack of unity among the people, are clearly shown in 
Judges 17, 6 where it says:— 

“In those days there was no King in Israel, but every man did that 
which was right in his own eyes.” 

We see therefore, that the times were so out of joint that a 
grand national celebration would have been an impossibility 
hence we contend that the first celebration took place during 
Joshua’s lifetime and that we have rightly located the death of 


10 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Joshua exactly forty years after the division of the land. Only 
a strong leader beloved by the nation—as was Joshua—could 
enlist the interest of all and bring all to unite in such a patriotic 
demonstration. The Elders who outlived Joshua were undoubt¬ 
edly the Pioneers of Canaan. Their age supplies another 
confirmation of the fact that they only survived their great 
leader by 20 years. Moses tells us—Num. 32, 11—that the 
Hebrew youth reached their majority at 20 years, consequently 
the Pioneers could not have been less than 20 years old when 
the land was divided. As to the maximum of average life we 
read—Psalm 90, 10—that it reached a period of 80 years. 
These limitations give us the following relative ages:— 

Joshua was :— The Elders were : — 

64 years old . When Israel crossed the Jordan . 14 years old 

70 “ “ . “ the land was divided . . 20 “ “ 

110 “ “ .At time Joshua died.60 “ “ 

When the Elders died .... 80 “ “ 

Thus in two ways we reach the same conclusion, viz.—that 
the Elders or Pioneers of Canaan outlived their great leader by 
20 years. 


DIVISION OF THE LAND. 

The history of Caleb the son of Jephunneh supplies us with 
a knowledge of the time spent in Canaan before the land was 
divided among the people. Since Caleb was 40 years old when 
Israel left Sinai, he was 39 years old when they left Egypt. 

We have then— 

Josh. 14, 10 Caleb’s age when land was divided . 85 years 

Josh. 14, 7 tt- u a j. jj me of the Exodus . 39 

Exod. 16 , 35 Caleb dwelt in the Wilderness ... 40 79 

Total 6 years 

Thus we learn that the land was divided 6 years after Israel 
crossed the Jordan. 





DIVISION OF THE LAND 


n 


WILDERNESS MEMORIALS. 

The experience of Israel in the Wilderness made such a deep 
impression on the mind of the nation, that for 200 years they 
continued to observe memorial exercises. 


The division of land took place. b.c. 1431 

1st Memorial celebrated by Joshua .... “ 1391 

2nd “ was omitted.“ 1351 

3rd “ time of Deborah ...... “ 1311 

4lh “ “ Jair ...... “ 1271 % 

5th “ ** Jephthah.“ 1231 


They had the best of reasons for omitting the 2nd Memorial, 
because from b.c. 1359 to 1341, a period of 18 years, Israel 
served the King of Moab. It is significant, however, that they 
preserved their count with that of the 3rd Memorial and speak 
of the time as having been 80 years. 

The record runs as follows:— 

Joshua 1,13 “Your God hath given you rest and hath given you this land” 


Judges 3, li “And the land had rest”.40 years 

“ 3, 30 “And the land had rest”.80 “ 

“ 5, 31 “And the land had rest”.40 M 

“ 8, 28 “And the country was in quietness”.40 “ 


Total 200 years 

These 200 years carry us from the division of the land by 
Joshua over to the first year of Jephthah when the Ammonites 
questioned the title of Israel to the land'itself. 

We accept this Scripture record as our guide and modify two 
other statements accordingly:— 

Judges ii, 26 Will then read 200 years instead of 300 years. 

Acts 13 , 20 Will then read 350 years instead of 450 years. 

Please note in this connection that the modification has no 
effect on the computed age of Samuel. It still remains a fact, 
that he ruled Israel for 39 vears. 















12 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


One other way remains, for showing how necessary it is to 
abate the 100 years in question:— 


Judges 

11 , 26 

From division of land to Jephthah 

. 

300 yrs. 

Acts 

13, 20 

“ Jephthah to Saul 450 - 

-300 

. . 

150 “ 



1st Result: —Canaan to Saul . 

450 “ 

i Kin. 

6 , 1 

From Exodus to building of Temple 

480 


Exodus 16, 35 

In the wilderness . . 

. 40 



Josh. 14, 7, 10 

To division of land 

. 6 



Acts 

13, 21 

Saul reigned .... 

. 40 



i Kin. 

2 , 11 

David “ ... 

. 40 



i Kin. 

6 , 1 

“4th year of Solomon” 

. 4 

130 



2nd Result: Canaan to Saul 350 


Difference 100 yrs. 

Thus we get two statements of time, from division of land to 
reign of Saul, differing by 100 years. Both cannot be right, 
therefore the 100 years must be stricken out as stated above. 


OTHNIEL, DEBORAH, GIDEON. 

These three judges ruled in stirring times, but only for short 
periods. This is manifest from Judges 2, 16, 17. 

“The Lord raised up Judges, which delivered them out of the hand of 
those that spoiled them. And yet they would not hearken unto their 

judges but.turned quickly out of the way which their fathers 

walked in.” 

The Bible is silent as to how long each one administered the 
government, but the omission is of little moment, because we 
are able to arrive at the total number of years by computation. 


From division of land to Jephthah, page ll . . . 200 years 

Joshua and the Elders, pages 9, 10 . . . .60 

Ehud and Shamgar. [Ad Autolyc, L. 3.] . . t 8 

Five servitudes, page 95 .72 

Abimelech 3 —Tola 23 —4 air22 . 48 188 “ 

Othniel, Deborah, Gideon.Total 12 years 


For convenience of calculation, this amount has been divided 
equally among the three. 


















EXODUS TO THE TEMPLE 


13 


EXODUS TO THE TEMPLE. 

We give below a list of those who bore rule from the Exodus 
to the kingdom, and add to the same the 84 years from the 
kingdom to the Temple. 


Summary. 


Joshua 5, 6 

Moses ruled. 

40 years 

“ 14, 10 

The land divided at the end of 

6 “ 

“ 24, 31 

Joshua and “The Elders” .... 

60 “ 

Judges 3, 8 

Servitude to Mesopotamia .... 

8 “ 

“ 3, 11 

Othniel .. 

4 “ 

“ 3,14 

Servitude to Moabites. 

18 “ 

3, 30 

Ehud and Shamgar. 

8 “ 

“ 4,3 

Servitude to Canaanites .... 

20 “ 

5,31 

Deborah. 

4 “ 

*' 6, 1 

Servitude to Midianites. 

7 “ 

“ 8,28 

Gideon. 

4 “ 

“ 9,22 

Abimelech ruled. 

3 “ 

“ 10,2 

Tola “. 

23 “ 

“ 10,3 

Jair “. 

22 “ 

“ 10,8 

Servitude to Philistines and Ammonites 

19 “ 

“ 12,7 

Jephthah ruled. 

6 “ 

“ 12,9 

Ibzan . 

7 “ 

“ 12,11 

Elon. 

10 “ 

“ 12, 14 

Abdon . 

8 “ 

“ 13,1 

Servitude to Philistines [40-20] . f 

20 “ 

“ 15,20 

Samson ruled. ( 

20 “ 

I Sam. 4, 18 

Eli “ . 

40 “ 

See page 8 

Samuel “ . * 

39 “ 


EXODUS TO THE KINGDOM . . . 396 yrs 

f Saul 40 yrs 
To Temple ] David 40 “ 

(.Solomon 4 “ 84 

EXODUS TO THE TEMPLE. . 480 

“And it came to pass in the 480th year after the children of 

Israel were come out of Egypt.that they began to 

build the house of the Lord.” [i Kings 6, i] 





























14 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


One cannot exaggerate the importance of this summary as 
given in the book of Kings, for without it Hebrew chronology 
falls to pieces. It forms the connecting link between the King¬ 
dom and the Exodus, which in turn is definitely connected with 
the times of Terah, the venerable father of Abraham. 


ANCIENT RECORDS. 

We are told in the 11th chapter of Genesis that Terah lived 
to be 205 years old, a remarkable existence when measured 
by the standards of our own day, but not an unusual one in 
the light of Oriental History. Dr. Williams, in his standard 
work entitled “The Middle Kingdom,” says, the records of 
China are perfect as far back as the time of Fuh-hi, who began 
to rule 200 years after the Flood. The list runs as follows: 


Fuh-hi . 


-b.c. 2852 to 2737 

Shimmug . 

.40 “ 

“ 2737 “ 2697 

Hwangti 

.100 “ 

“ 2697 “ 2597 

Shauhan 

.84 “ 

“ 2597 “ 2513 

Chwenhuh . 

.78 “ 

“ 2513 “ 2435 

Kuh 

.78 “ 

“ 2435 « 2357 

Yao 

.102 “ 

“ 2357 “ 2255 


By comparing the entire Chinese record with the Hebrew, it 
appears that, when human life was shortened in Chaldea the 
Chinese reigns also became shorter. Whether this was due to 
natural causes, or to political reasons cannot be determined, but 
the fact remains that for 600 years China was ruled by seven men 
of extraordinary longevity, and at the very time when the Bible 
says the Hebrew patriarch lived to be more than 200 years old. 

Among the descendants of Jacob only one perfect genealogy 
has been preserved—Tribe of Levi see page 107. The record 
shows an average of 30 years to a generation and on that basis 
the record for Judah can only be perfected by introducing 8 
generations between Salmon and Boaz. The omission is easily 
accounted for by loss of records when Shiloh fell and the Ark 
was taken b.c. 1120. Boaz should therefore be classified as the 
descendant of Salmon and not as his son.—Ruth 4, 21 












EXODUS TO THE TEMPLE 


15 


SAUL’S 31st and 32nd YEARS. 

Another cause of perplexity, and one quite familiar to proof¬ 
readers, arises when in order to preserve the consistency of the 
text something must be supplied. For example, in keeping 
with i Kin. 16, 8 we supply twentieth for the word “thirtieth” in 
ii Chron. 16,1—15,19.—In harmony with n Kin. 8, 26 we supply 
twenty for the word “forty” in n Chron. 22, 2. Supported by 
ii Kin. 24, 8 we supply eighteen for the word “eight” in 
ii Chron. 36, 9. Again, when Saul was chosen king we are 
told that he was:— 

“a choice young man, and a goodly; and there was not among the children 
of Israel a goodlier person than he; from his shoulders and upward he 
was higher than any of the people.” [i Samuel 9, 2.] 

However, he was so bashful that at the critical moment when 
Samuel was ready to make him king, Saul hid himself “among 
the stuff.” A little farther on we read:— 

“Saul reigned (-) one year; and when he had reigned (-) 

two years over Israel, Saul chose him 3000 men;” placed 1000 under 
Jonathan in Gibeah and retained 2000 in Michmash under his own 
Command, [i Samuel 13, l.j 

So sudden a transition is very surprising but the same old 
treatment applies:— “ search the scriptures ”— 
and all will become plain as daylight. Turn to ii Samuel 2,10 
and you will learn that Saul’s 2nd son—Ish-bosheth—was 40 
years old when Saul died, he therefore was born the same year 
that Saul was made king. But the elder brother, Jonathan, 
was born at least one year before Ish-bosheth, so that Saul 
came to the kingdom as the father of two boys and not as a 
mere callow youth. Read now the account of Jonathan’s deeds 
of valor and you will not err if you supply the numeral 30. The 
text will then read:— 

“Saul reigned (thirty) one years; and when he had reigned (thirty) twt> 
years over Israel, Saul chose him 3000 men;” placed 1000 under Jonathan 
in Gibeah and retained 2000 in Michmash under his own command- 




16 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Thus we realize that Scripture will always explain itself. 


LAST 4 YEARS OF ABSALOM. 

Superfluous figures as well as omissions occur in the experience 
of proofreaders. A case in point is afforded by:—« Samuel 15, 7. 
“And it came to pass after 40 years, that Absalom said unto the king,” &c. 

Here, a cypher has mysteriously entered the account, for the 
passage should have read:— 

“After 4 years, that Absalom said unto the king.” 

This correction rests on the authority of the Greek text, which 
reads:— 

“After 4 years Absalom said unto the king.” 

Also on the authority of Josephus who says:—Antq. vn. 9, 1. 
“But when 4 years had passed.” 

Besides, Absalom’s history goes to show that his entire life 
barely exceeded 30 years, so that 40 years would have been an 
impossibility. 


GRANDFATHER—GRANDCHILD. 

The Old Testament, when giving the name of a child, once 
removed, makes no use of the modern prefix “grand.” With 
it, a grandson is simply a son; and a granddaughter simply a 
daughter. It is important to bear this distinction in mind when 
locating the characters chronologically. We read frequently of 
Jehu the son of Nimshi [1 Kin. 19,16], when in truth his father 
was named Jehoshaphat, and his grandfather Nimshi. [n Kin. 9,2.] 
Then again Athaliah the daughter of Omri [n Chron. 22,2] was in 
reality the daughter of Ahab and granddaughter of Omri. 
[11 Chron. 21, 6.] Although Mephibosheth was called the son of 




» 





























/ 





























































































CA PT/V/TY. 































































































































































































































KINGS OF ISRAEL 


17 


Saul [it Sam. 19, 24 ], he was the son of Jonathan and grandson 
of Saul, fn Sam. 4 , 4 .] In like manner Nebuchadnezzar was the 
grandfather of Belshazzar and Nabonidus the father. [Dan. 5,11.1 
Achan, according to Joshua 22, 20, was the “Son of Zerah,” 
but in reality he was the great-grandson of Zerah as explained 
in Joshua 7, 18. The careful reader, however, will supply the 
prefix “grand” as the occasion may require. 


KINGS OF ISRAEL. 

The list of Israel’s monarchs marshals before the inquirer an 
array of 495 years extending from the coronation of Saul to the 
burning of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. The period may be 
divided into three parts:— 

Chronologically speaking, the reigns of Saul, David and 
Solomon present no difficulties. The same is true of the time 
when Judah alone was a nation, but many look upon the time 
when Israel and Judah were separate kingdoms, as a most 
perplexing period, in fact an enigma. 

We purpose to give special attention to the supposed diffi¬ 
culties and to show that the Bible record is perfectly consistent 
and as plain as A B C. 

In describing the reigns of the various kings the Bible presents 
the subject in a two-fold manner. One record deals with totals, 
as for instance—“Asa reigned 41 years”—the other record 
places limitations, for example—Asa began to reign in the 20th 
year of Jeroboam and died in the 4th year of Ahab. The latter 
way of presenting the subject invariably yields the best results. 

Then again the Bible indicates the presence of regencies, 
as the result of old age, of a severe fall, of incapacity, and of 
leprosy, but takes no pains to put the enumerator on his guard 
against the error of a double count. Every careful accountant, 
however, as a matter of course, will search out as many checks 
as possible and apply them to the work in hand. 


18 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


With these general features in mind, we have made a geo¬ 
metrical plotting of each year from b.c. 961 Id 721, have 
studied every event in its historical setting and arrived at the 
following figures, which can be accepted as the true length of 
each king’s reign. 


THE KINGDOM. 


( From Saul to Zedekiah.) 


Acts 13,21 

Saul reigned. 

40 years 

i Kin. 2, 11 

David “ . . (7 + 33) . 

40 “ 

“ 11,42 

Solomon “ . . (4 + 36) . 

40 “ 

-120 

“ 12,16 

Rehoboam “ . 

18 “ 

“ 15,1 

Abijah “ . 

2 “ 

“ 15,9 

Asa “ . 

42 “ 

“ 22,41 

Jehoshaphat reigned .... 

23 “ 

n Kin. 8, 16 

Jehoram “ (Regent 2) 

6 “ 

“ 9,29 

Ahaziah “. 

1 “ 

“ 11,3 

Athaliah “. 

6 “ 

“ 12,1 

Joash reigned. 

39 

“ 14, 1,17 

Amaziah “. 

14 ", 

“ 14,21,17 

Uzziah “ (Regent 15 yrs.) . 

53 “ 

“ 15,32 

Jotham “ (Regent 14 yrs.) . 

15 " 

“ 16,1 

Ahaz “ . 

15 u 

* 18,10 

6 th Hezekiah. 

6 “ 

-240 

“ 18,2 

29th “ . 

23 “ 

“ 21,1 

Manasseh reigned. 

56 “ 

“ 21,19 

Amon “ . 

2 

“ 22, 1 

Josiah “ . 

31 “ 

“ 23,31 

Jehoahaz “ ... say 

Yz 

“ 23,36 

Jehoiakim “ . 

n “ 

“ 24,8 

Jehoiachin “ ... say 


“ 24,18 

Zedekiah. 

Total . 

11 “ 135 

. . . 495 



























THE TWO KINGDOMS 


19 


YEARS OF ACTIVE RULE. 

(Regardless of Regencies.) 


References 

JUDAH 

Years of 
active 
rule 

Totals 

References 

ISRAEL 

Years of 

active 

rule 

Totals | 

i Kin. 12, 16 

Rehoboam 

18 


I Kin. 12, 16 

Jeroboam I 

22 


“ 15, 1 

Abijah 

o 

a 


“ 15,25 

Nadab 

1 


“ 15,9 

Asa 

42 


“ 15, 33 

Baasha 

23 


“ 22,41 

Jehoshaphat 

23 


“ 16,8 

Elah and Zimri 

1 


ii Kin. 8, 16 

Jehoram 

6 


“ 16,22,23 

Tibni and Omri 

11 


“ 9,29 

Ahaziah 

1 


“ 16,29 

Ahab 

21 



_ 



“ 22,51 

Ahaziah 

1 






ii Kin. 1,17,3,1 

Joram 

12 

\ 

CHANGE OF 

RULERS AFTER 

• • 

92 

YEARS . 


• • 

92 

ii Kin. 11,3 

Athaliah 

6 


ii Kin. 9, 27 

Jehu 

29 


“ 12, 1 

Jehoash 

39 


“ 13, 1 

Jehoahaz 

14 


“ 14, 1,17 

Amaziah 

14 


“ 13, 10 

Jehoash 

16 


CHANGE OF 

RULERS AFTER 

• • 

59 

YEARS .... 


* • 

59 

II Kin. 14, 21, 17 

Uzziah 

53 


ii Kin. 14, 23 

Jeroboam 11 

38 


“ 15,32 

Jotham 

15 


“ 15,8 

Zachariah and 







“ 15,8 

Shallum 

1 


“ 16, 1 

Ahaz 

15 


“ 15, 17 

Menahem 

10 


“ 18, 10 

6th Hezekiah 

6 


“ 15,23 

Pekahiah 

2 






“ 16, 1 

Pekah 







“ 17, 1 

U 

29 





89 

“ 17, 1 

Hoshea 

9 

89 

JUDAH’S Total . . 

. . 

240 

ISRAEL’S Total . . 

. .240 


It will be noted, that the figures take a fresh start after each 
simultaneous change of rulers. This feature affords an excel¬ 
lent check upon the work. No lapses of government occurred 
during the entire period, consequently there were no “interreg- 

fj 


nums 



































20 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


REGENCIES. 

There are four regencies found in the history of Judah and 
Israel's kings which appear in the following list: 

1st. — Jehoram was made Regent 2 years before his father died. 

2nd. — Joram “ “ 7 “ “ brother “ 

3rd. — Uzziah “ “ 15 “ “ father “ 

4th. — Jotham “ “ 14 

These supplemental governments are largely responsible for 
difficulties in chronology, because in effect they introduced 
a double count, which at last prompted the sacred writer to try 
and balance his accounts, a process which only made matters 
worse, because it did not remove the disturbing cause. 

Among the regencies, those of Uzziah and Jotham are the 
most complex and are thought worthy of special mention. 

Amaziah reigned alone from . . . b.c. 824 to 810—14 yrs. 

Uzziah reigned as regent from . 810 to 795—15 “ 

Amaziah died in. b.c. 795 

Uzziah’s active reign ran from ... “ 810 to 757—53 “ 

Jotham reigned as regent .... “ 757 to 743—14 “ 

Uzziah died in. b.c. 743 


UNBALANCED ACCOUNTS. 

We are now safely across the 240 years of divided kingdom, 
have reached solid ground and have settled every reign on its 
true basis. We are therefore in a position to review profitably 
the numerical work of the writer of the Book of Kings and to 
svmpathize with him in the difficulties that beset his path, for 
undoubtedly many valuable records of the Sanctuary were 
destroyed when the Philistines burnt the town of Shiloh—1120— 
and carried away the Ark of the Covenant. We know not 
what books of reference lay before him, but cannot go far astray 
if we count the following list as part of the number: 









UNBALANCED ACCOUNTS 


21 


1. “Book of the whrs of the Lord.” 

2. “Story of the book of the kings.” 

3. “Book of the kings of Judah and Israel.” 

4. “Book of the kings of Israel and Judah.” 


5. “ Book of Jasher.” 

6. “ Book of Samuel the Seer.” 

7. “Book of Jehu.” 

8. “ Book of Iddo the Seer.” 


All of these works of reference have long since been destroyed, 
but their numerals have been preserved, and with these we can 
trace the problem that confronted the sacred author. The 
following table shows each item and the totals show the amounts 
to be reconciled:— 


IRRECONCILABLE LENGTHS. 





Said to 


1 


Said to 

References 

JUDAH 

have 

reigned 

References 

ISRAEL 

have 

reigned 

l Kin. 

14,21 

Rehoboam 

17 yrs. 

I Kin. 

14, 20 

Jeroboam I 

22 yrs. 

it 

15,2 

Abijah 

3 

ii 

it 

15, 25 

Nadab 

2 “ 

if 

15,10 

Asa 

41 

ii 

it 

15, 33 

Baasha 

24 “ 

it 

22, 42 

Jehoshaphat 

25 

a 

tt 

16,8 

Elah and Zimri 

2 “ 

II Kin. 

8,17 

Jehoram 

8 

a 

tt 

16, 23 

Tibni and Omri 

12 “ 

ii 

8,26 

Ahaziah 

1 

a 

tt 

16,29 

Ahab 

22 “ 

ii 

11,3 

Queen Athaiiah 

6 

a 

a 

22, 51 

Ahaziah 

2 “ 

a 

12,1 

Jehoash 

40 

a 

ii Kin. 

3,1 

Jehoram 

12 “ 

a 

14,2 

Amaziah 

29 

a 

tt 

10, 36 

Jehu 

28 “ 

ii 

15,2 

Uzziah 

52 

a 

it 

13,1 

Jehoahaz 

17 “ 

ii 

15, 30 

Jotham 

20 

a 

a 

13, 10 

Jehoash 

16 “ 

ii 

18, 1 

Jotham to 









Hezekiah 

3 

a 

tt 

14, 23 

Jeroboam II 

41 “ 

a 

18,10 

6th year of 









Hezekiah 

6 

i ( 

“ 15,8,13 

Zachariah and 









Shallum 

0 yrs. 

a 

16,2 

Ahaz (skipped) 

16 

a 

it 

15,17 

Menahem 

10 “ 


/ 



ii 

15, 23 

Pekahiah 

2 “ 






a 

a 

16,1 
17,1 

ah 

29 



/ 





Qualified by: 




/ 



it 

a 

17,1 
18, 1 

y ^‘* } Ahaz 




/ 



• 


151 




/ 



it 

16,2 

lg } Excess 1 | 

8 “ 



/ 



ii 

17,1 

Hoshea 9 yrs J 




JUDAH’S Total 267 yrs. 



ISRAEL’S Total 249 yrs. 








































22 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


There was only one way out of this maze and that was a 
resort to the synchronous dates given in other parts of the Bible, 
as already explained. But the sacred writer made the fatal 
mistake of trying to balance the accounts, a thing which could 
not be done. However, he moved the 1st year of Uzziah 
along 27 points (n Kin. 15, 1) and thus reduced his total for 
Judah’s kings from 267 years to 240 years. He then shortened 
the reign of Pekah by 9 years (n Kin. 15, 27) and thus reduced 
his total for Israel’s kings from 249 years to 240 years. 

Now that we know his process, we can easily restore the text. 
We have only to make:— 

nKin. 15 , i read.“In the 1st year of Jeroboam,” 

nKin. 15 , 27 “ . “Began to reign over Israel in Samaria, 

and reigned 29 years.” 

and the harmony of the synchronous dates will be preserved. 

Moab and Ammon were brother nations long before Israel 
entered Canaan. Gen. 36, 31, 35. Their countries lay east of 
the Dead Sea, on both side of the river Arnon. Num. 21, 13. 
About 100 years before Israel entered Canaan the Amorites 
fought and captured that portion of the Ammonite territory in 
which Heshbon was located. Num. 21, 26, 31. Finally, Israel 
recaptured the land and held it for 200 years. See page 13. 


i Kin. 6, 1. Egypt to Temple. 480 years 

Less Egypt to division of land . . 46 

Less Jephthah to Solomon . . . 234 

- 280 years 


Total 200 years 

Although, the king of the Ammonites had no just claim to the 
land, yet in Jephthah’s day he declared it belonged to his king¬ 
dom (—“MY LAND” Judges xi, 13—) and Jephthah showed 
him that he had lost title for 300 years, without making a protest. 

BOAZ AND RUTH. 

“In the 10th generation” from Salmon, Boaz was united in 
marriage with Ruth the Moabitess. Ruth 4, 11, Deu. 23. 3. 





LAST YEARS OF JUDAH 


23 


AHAZ, KING AT TWENTY-NINE. 

Many find difficulty in reconciling the relative ages of Ahaz 
and his son Hezekiah, when in turn each became king of Judah. 
This is owing to the fact that the attempt to balance accounts 
in effect struck out 9 years of actual time and made the age 
of Ahaz only 20 years when it should have been 29 years. The 
only way to correct a list of ages or reigns is to correct each 
false item. It cannot be accomplished by arbitrarily increasing 
or diminishing any one or more of the items. II Kin. 16, 2. 


LAST YEARS OF JUDAH. 

After Israel went into captivity B.c. 721, the kingdom of 
Judah lasted 135 years longer. In studying this interval we 
miss the checks afforded by synchronous dates, and yet one 
check remains which covers 30 years of the time and is found 
in Ezekiel 1, 1 and 2. It began with the Great Passover of 
Josiah, b.c. 622, and ran over to b.c. 592, the 5th year of Zede- 
kiah, which was also the 5th year of Jehoiachin’s captivity. _ 
This period binds together the reigns of five kings and leaves 
only two unchecked. However, the years b.c. 721 and 586 are 
themselves so surely determined that not a shadow of a doubt 
hangs over any reign covered by the period. 

After the Chaldean rule, Judah passed successively under 
the control of Persia, Greece and Syria. Finally Judas Macca¬ 
beus set up the Asmonean Dynasty in b.c. 163 and his brother 
Simon secured entire freedom for the Nation, on Independence 
Day May 4th b.c. 141. Judas Aristobulus became king in 
b.c. 104. The dynasty lasted 126 years and was followed by 
the Idumean Dynasty of Herod in b.c. 37. The death of Herod 
B.c. 1 marked the end of Jewish national life. Rome then 
took control and words uttered almost 17 centuries before, by 
the patriarch Jacob, found their fulfilment:— 

“The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his 
feet, until Shiloh come: and unto him shall the gathering of the people be.” 



24 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


SABBATIC YEARS. 

The Mosaic law commanded, that every 7th year, planting 
should be omitted and the land allowed to lie fallow. The 
year was called the Sabbatic year and the custom was observed 
by Israel until they cast off the theocratic government and 
chose Saul for their king. Saul began to reign in b.c. 1081 
and in 1073, which was a Sabbatic year, Israel failed to observe 
the law and “inquired not at the ark in the days of Saul”— 
i Chron. 13, 3. After the first omission, neglect of the Sabbatic 
year became a chronic habit and period followed period until 
they had disobeyed the command 70 times. The year b.c. 
590 was the 70th omission, and we read in Ezek. 20, 3, 31, 21. 

“And it came to pass in the 7th year in the 5th month the 10th day of 
the month (August 1 b.c. 590) that certain of the Elders of Israel came to 
inquire of the Lord, and sat before me. Then came the word of the Lord 
unto me saying:—as I live saith the Lord God, I will not be inquired of 
by you,” &c. . . . “and my Sabbaths they greatly polluted,” &c. . . . 

In a word, God cast them off, and before 4 years went by, 
Nebuchadnezzar had burnt their Temple and put an end to 
their kingdom. 

“They were carried away to Babylon . . . until the land had enjoyed 
her Sabbaths; for as long as she lay desolate she kept Sabbath to fulfil three 
score and ten (70) years.”—n Chron. 36, 20, 21—Lev. 26, 34, 42. 

But it may be asked, how can we be assured that b.c. 1073 and 
590 were Sabbatic years ? — We answer, in view of the fact that 
Jewish authorities have for nearly 19 centuries recognized 
b.c. 37 also b.c. 30 as Sabbatic years, it is fair to take them as 
a basis of calculation. If we divide each of these numbers by 
7 we obtain 2 for a remainder. Now apply the same test to 
the years 1073 and 590 and we shall find a remainder of 2 in 
each instance. The 70 years during which the Temple lay in 
ruins, therefore, furnishes us with an admirable check on the 


LINK BETWEEN OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT 


25 


figures given in the foregoing summary of the kings of Israel 
and of Judah, and assures us that the figures can be implicitly 
relied upon for their accuracy— (b.c. 586 to 516 inch). 

The Sabbatic law reads as follows:— 

“Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come 
into the land which I give you, then shall the land keep a Sabbath unto 
the Lord. Six years thou shalt sow thy field . . . but in the seventh 
year shall be a Sabbath of rest unto the land.”—Lev. 25, 1, 2, 3. 

The children of Israel crossed the Jordan and came into the 
land in b.c. 1437, and did their first sowing for a complete crop 
in the following year, hence b.c. 1430 ought to have been 
observed as a Sabbatic year. Applying the test already given 
we find that 1430 was in truth a Sabbatic year. Between that 
date and the standard b.c. 30 there was an interval of 200 
“Weeks of years,”—in other words Sabbatic years—for the 
Hebrews applied the word weeks to both days and years. Their 

Week of Days ended with their Sabbath, and 
Week of Years ended with the Sabbatic year. 


LINK BETWEEN OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT. 

In the year b.c. 538 an Heavenly Messenger was sent to the 
prophet Daniel, who announced that “Seventy Weeks”—or 490 
years—would measure the time between the date of a certain 
“commandment” to restore and build Jerusalem and the date 
when Messiah would be cut off for the sins of others. As 
this period far exceeded the span of human life, the prophet 
was obliged, for the benefit of subsequent generations, to 
commit the message to writing. The decree issued by Cyrus > 
two years later, related only to the Temple. It therefore had 
nothing to do with the heavenly message. Eighty years, how¬ 
ever, passed before the initial date or starting point was reached. 
Finally, Artaxerxes in the 7th year of his reign, issued a decree 
whose fulfilment satisfied every condition and under its pro- 



26 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


visions the Jews returned to Jerusalem, led by Ezra the Scribe— 
Ezra 7th chapter. After vexatious delays, they finished the 
walls of the City in “troublous times” during the rule of 
Nehemiah. Neh. 4, 16. 

Since Artaxerxes began to reign in the autumn of b.c. 465, 
the 7th year of his reign (Ezra 7, 8) extended from the autumn 
of b.c. 459 to the autumn of 458. What happened during the 
spring is recorded in the book of Ezra, and if you will calculate 
the respective dates with the “Idan Olamim” of Dr. Sossnitz 
you will find that:— 

The Jews began to leave Babylon . • . . March 9 b.c. 458 
Congregated by the river to Ahava . . . “ 17 “ 458 

Started for Jerusalem. “ 20 “ 458 

Reached Jerusalem.July 5 “ 458 

The Spring of B.c. 458 therefore was the initial date. 

Query:—How did that date register with the Heavenly 
Scale? Did it fall at the beginning, middle, or end of a 
“Week”?— 

The Key to the solution is given in verse 27, where it is said, 
that Messiah would “confirm the covenant with many for one 
week and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and 
the oblation to cease.” Of course, Mosaic sacrifices would be 
no longer necessary, for according to verses 24-26, Messiah 
would “be cut off” and would “bring in everlasting righteous¬ 
ness.” Now the expression “the midst of the week” is simply 
another way of saying—one-half of 7 years, which is 3J years 
—the length of Our Lord’s ministry. Our problem then, is 
one of whole-weeks and of half-weeks. 

The prophecy covered—verse 24— ... 70 WEEKS 

Messiah’s ministry covered \ WEEK 

Period given in verse 25 ... 7 “ 

Period given in verse 26 .... 62 “ 69| “ 

Difference. \ “ 

From which it is manifest, that the issue of the decree, or 
“going forth of the commandment” took place neither at the 






LINK BETWEEN OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT 


27 


beginning nor at the ending, but in the middle of a Sabbatic 
Week. 

As foretold by the Angel, the Jews experienced “troublous 
times” on reaching Canaan, which seriously delayed their 
work.—Neh. 4 chap, and 6.15. 

We have given a graphic illustration of the problem which 
will explain itself. We also give a numerical statement of the 
years as related to the Christian Era. 

Spring of b.c. 458 to Christian Era. 457f years 

Christian Era to Spring of A.n. 33 . 321 “ 

The whole time was 70 WEEKS, or 490 years 


The writer has bestowed special study on the solution of 
this prophecy, because he believes, that the interpretation 
placed upon the passage by many devout Christians has 
from unfriendly quarters, contributed largely to an unjust 
criticism of the Book of Daniel. The thought that a Standard 
Week—7 years long—could quietly register 69 periods, and 
then suddenly explode and take upon itself a new character 
by which it is made to occupy thousands of years with the 
possibility of thousands more is not logical. The non-explosive 
standard, on the contrary, has a common-sense basis for action. 
The fact that its solution lands directly upon a date of supreme 
importance, shows that the author of the Book was an inspired 
writer, and that the book itself is rightly bound up in the 
Holy Bible, a position from which it can never be dislodged 
by its adversaries. 

In view of the above relation of numbers, we accept the 
revelation made to the Prophet Daniel, as the grandest prophecy 
of the Old Testament, because it points with mathematical 
precision to the date of the most momentous event in all 
history. 

The prophecy points to the decree of Artaxerxes and not 
to that of Cyrus.—Ezra vii. 9.25 and viii. 15.31. 




28 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


The starting point was the Spring of B.c. 458, when under 
the leadership of Ezra, the people left Babylon.—Ezra 7.9. 


r ^5 

B.C. ¥58. > 

r 

Vx 

7 

- L i. j 

SBBB3T/C WEEKS. 

1 

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76 

77 

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20 

30 

Z? 

28 

27 

26 

25 

24 

23 

2Z 

2/ 

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31 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

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49 

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47 

46 

45 

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70 WEEKS =490 YEARS 

1 

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» 


The terminal point was the moment when “Messiah was 
cut off,” viz: —The Spring of a.d. 33. 

As regards the latter date, the Gospel of Luke says, that:— 



























































































LINK BETWEEN OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT 


29 


“Jesus began to be about 30 years of age in the 15th year of 
Tiberius Caesar.” 

How shall we understand his words? Shall we follow the 
20th Century line of thought and ascribe 3 years of joint-rule to 
Augustus and Tiberius, or shall we be guided by Luke’s con¬ 
temporary,—the great Hebrew scholar Josephus,—who tells us 
(Wars 2.9.1.) “The Roman Empire was translated to Tiberius 
upon the death of Augustus.” Also, (Antq. 18.6.5.10) that 
“The Emperor Tiberius held the government 22 years, 5 
months, 3 days.” (From Aug. a.d. 14 to March a.d. 37.) 

Since these statements agree with the known facts of Roman 
History, we emphatically reject the 20th Century speculation 
and accept the 1st Century facts, which locate the end of 
“the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar” on the 29th day of August 
a.d. 29. To this date, we add the 3| years of Our Lord’s 
Ministry and reach the Spring of a.d. 33, at which time, in 
the words of the Prophet Daniel Messiah was to be “cut off 
and bring in everlasting righteousness.” 

This exact and perfect correspondence in time, between the 
starting and terminal points of the 70 weeks, or 490 years, 
proves conclusively that the Revelation received by Daniel 
“ in the first year of Darius” came direct from Heaven. 

This fact, for all time, settles Daniel’s right to be called a 
'Prophet—“One greatly beloved.” 

Thus we see that the book of Daniel itself rests on a firmer 
foundation than the Rock of Gibraltar. 



THE MOABITE STONE. B.C. 86S 

This stone was carved, when Jonah was a lad 





THE PROPHET JONAH 


Human ingenuity has of late years given close attention 
to the problem of locomotion beneath the waves. At first, 
the diving bell and caisson made it possible for man to walk 
on river and harbor bottoms. After that, submarine armor 
gave him greater latitude and freedom of motion. But it 
remained for a recent discovery to enlarge that freedom to 
such an extent that he now travels at will beneath the waves, 
inside of a fish-shaped body called a Submarine. He lives in 
it as in a home. Reads, writes, eats, and sleeps undisturbed, 
while vessels and monsters of the deep pass over his head with 
impunity. In it, he can travel at a speed of 8 or 10 miles per 
hour, go in any direction he pleases; and when he so desires— 
not till then—he comes to the surface and steps out upon 
the dry land, being none the worse for his uncanny experience. 

We must go to the Bible, however, for an account of the 
first submarine journey, which took place in b.c. 808. The 
traveller was the prophet Jonah, the son of Amittai, whose 
home was not far from Nazareth. His port of departure was 
Joppa, where he found a ship bound for Tarshish, on which 
he took passage, paid the fare and retired to his quarters for 
rest. The vessel had scarcely put to sea before a mighty 
tempest arose, so that the ship was like to be broken. The 
sailors, filled with fear, then cast lots, and in consequence 
Jonah was thrown into the sea. 

“Now the Lord had PREPARED A GREAT FISH to swallow up 
Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three 
nights.” 

Finally: 

“The Lord spake unto the fish, and it vomited out Jonah upon the 
dry land.” 



29 c CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 

We have here in contrast the work of man and the work 
of Almighty God, Creator of the Universe. It seems almost 
incredible that some minds could be so utterly dense and so 
lacking in true faith, as to claim that man can build a sub¬ 
marine, but God could not and did not prepare a great fish 
in order to save His Prophet alive and carry out His benevolent 
purpose toward the inhabitants of Nineveh;—a great city, 
wherein were more than 120,000 persons that could not dis¬ 
cern between their right hand and their left. Both the Old 
and the New Testament bear witness to the fact that the 
City of Nineveh repented as a result of preaching by the 
Prophet Jonah. 

The Monuments also show that a great religious movement 
took place in those days, which resulted in a change from the 
worship of many gods to only one god, whom they called Nebo. 
The noted Assyriologist, Professor Winckler of Berlin, declares 
that the Reformation, which happened in the reign of Adad 
Nirari III, was as decided as that of Luther, and he quotes 
in part from an inscription, not an anonymous carving but 
one signed by a certain officer of the Crown, in which the 
“essential” truth was: 

“Put thy trust in Nebo, trust not in another god.” 

This dignitary held office in b.c. 798 and one of his official 
seals has recently been discovered. The Ninevites were 
sincere in their repentance and the city was spared 200 years. 
It finally fell in b.c. 607. 

Thus it appears, many generations of Ninevites had good 
reason to rejoice that before the arrival of the most critical 
moment in the life of the Prophet Jonah, 

“THE LORD HAD 


PREPARED A GREAT FISH 
TO SWALLOW UP JONAH.” 


THE PROPHET JONAH 



29 d 

We insert this view of a great fish for the benefit of those 
who are disposed to haggle about details and contend that 
the mouth of a whale is not adapted to swallow a man 

This great fish was caught off the Florida coast in 1912. It 
measured 45 feet in length, 24 feet in girth and weighed 30,000 
pounds. The tail measured 10 feet from tip to tip. Its mouth 
opening was 38" wide, by 31" high and 43" deep. It had 
swallowed an animal weighing 1500 pounds. 

Truly after such a display of swallowing capacity and 
internal roominess no one can doubt the facts stated in the 
Book of Jonah. 









THE APOCRYPHA. 


The Old Testament closes with the Book of Malachi, which 
was written probably in the 5th Century b.c., before the 
Persians lost control of Syria in the battle at Cunaxa. Four 
centuries intervened between that date and the Christian Era. 
The 14 Books of the Apocrypha pretend to span the interval, 
and while we are willing to concede the claim of the writer of 
Ecclesiasticus, that:— 

“I have more to say, for 
“I am filled as the Moon 
“At the fun.” 

Neither he, nor Tobit, nor Baruch, nor any of the writers rose 
to the lofty altitude of Inspiration. Their books must be clas¬ 
sified with the Works of Herodotus, Josephus, Plutarch, and 
other early historians. They give us, however, most interesting 
information concerning the Maccabees, and since their dates 
are recorded in years of the Seleucidae, one can easily translate 
them into years b.c. —a very valuable feature. 


(29/) 






















i 

















♦ 












* 















CHRISTMAS DAY. 


The Romans had a Festival named Saturnalia, in honor of 
their deity Saturn. They celebrated it annually during the week 
ending December 24th. 

While the Festival lasted war was not declared, battles were 
not fought, educational institutions were closed, and an ex¬ 
change of gifts took place among all classes of the community. 
It was a time of general rejoicing! 

In the third century, when heathenism was on the wane, the 
Church of Rome decided to create a similar festival. Whereupon 
she made: 

JANUARY 6th —Christmas Day. 

She declared that Our Saviour was born on that day and the 
Star appeared to the Wise Men of the East. She did this, with¬ 
out finding anything in the New Testament, or in the writings 
of the Fathers to support her declaration. Clemens Alexan- 
drinus made no mention of a Christmas Day even so late as 
a.d. 210. But in a.d. 335 the Church of Rome issued a second 
decree, which commanded all Christians to celebrate on: 

December 25th—the Nativity. 

January 6th—the Epiphany. 

When asked, for what reason January 6th no longer stood 
for Christmas Day, the Church answered that: 

“The second appearance of the star 
was holier than the first.” 

Many replied to this absurd distinction: 

“You have divided the Feast, 

You have involved us in polytheism.” 

(29 h) 



29 i 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Rome quickly silenced every objection and her Decree has 
held its own for the past one thousand six hundred years. 

The Saturnalia terminated December 24th, and purely as a 
matter of policy, the day following, was selected for Christmas. 
Of all inappropriate dates December 25th takes the prize! 

Viewed from any angle you choose, it plainly contradicts the 
New Testament narrative. 

In December the nights were cold, snow covered tile ground, 
and grazing was impossible. Travel was light, and the Inns 
were not crowded. 

In September, on the contrary, the night air was mild and 
shepherds without discomfort could abide in the field, “ keeping 
watch over their flock.” Then, too, the Feast of Tabernacles 
brought thousands from all directions to Jerusalem and filled 
to overflowing both the Inns of the City and those of Bethle¬ 
hem, as well as the neighboring towns. In view of these facts, 
the writer makes no apology for presenting a chapter on the 
Christian Era, which gives historical proof —not guess-work 
—that Our Saviour was born in the month of September. 

B.C. 2 

March —Birth of John the Baptist. 

September —Birth of Our Lord Jesus Christ. 

“ —Announcement to the shepherds. 

—The Star led the Wise Men, a journey of about 1000 miles. 

November —Purification, at end of 41 days [Lev. xii: 2, 3]. 

December —The Wise Men reached Bethlehem. 

—Flight of Our Lord’s parents to Egypt. 

—Slaughter of the infants, by order of Herod. 

B.C. 1 

January Herod went to Callirrhoe. [See Josephus.] 

February —Herod died,—aged 70,— 

March —30 days mourning. Riots in Jerusalem. 

April —Archelaus sailed for Rome, before the Passover. 

July —Archelaus made Ethnarch. 

August —Archelaus returned to Judea. 

September —Our Lord’s parents returned to Nazareth. 



THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 


In this 20th century it matters not from either a commer¬ 
cial or a political standpoint, whether the year of the Christian 
Era was or was not accurately located. It is, however, of the 
utmost importance that the date then chosen should remain 
firmly fixed for all time to come. That date marks the rise 
and fall of Empires, the occurrence of notable battles, the issue 
of proclamations and decrees, in fact it locates and binds 
together all the innumerable events of everyday life, both 
public and private. 

When, however, the year of the Era is viewed from a religious 
standpoint it becomes a matter of extreme moment that the 
year of Our Saviour’s birth should be determined with absolute 
precision, for prophesies expressed in numerals should be 
judged by the accuracy of their figures, for example the pro¬ 
phecy of the Seventy Weeks in the Book of Daniel. 

Since Our Saviour was born a few months before the death 
of Herod our objective will be to ascertain the year of Herod’s 
death. 

To find that year we shall take two well authenticated dates 
—a.d. 29 and B.c. 31—and reckon from them towards the 
year in question. According to the Gospel of Luke “Jesus 
began to be about 30 years of age in the 15th year of Tiberius 
Caesar.” Roman history declares that Tiberius became 
Emperor immediately on the death of Augustus, and not be¬ 
fore, viz:—on the 29th day of August, a.d. 14. If, then, Christ 
was born in the Autumn it would be proper to say that the 
15th year of Tiberius was almost complete when “Jesus began 
to be about 30 years of age,” and if we subtract 30 from the 
Fall of a.d. 29 we locate the date of Our Saviour’s birth in 

(29 j) 



30 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


the Fall of b.c. 2. From the New Testament, therefore, we 
learn that:— 

HEROD DIED IN THE YEAR B.C. 1 

(Fall of b.c. 2 to Fall of a.d. 1. 2 years 

Example . \ “ a.d. 1 “ “ 14 [1st of Tiberius] 13 “ 

( “ “ 14 “ “ 29 [15th “ ] 15 “ 

Fall b.c. 2 to Fall a.d. 29 equals 30 years 


Before going further it is necessary to expose the fallacy 
promulgated by certain writers, who declare that Tiberius' 
reign began in a.d. 11 , three years before Augustus died. This 
error is of modern origin and unknown to 1st century writers 
as will appear from the following extracts taken from Josephus: 

Wars 2.9.1.5. “The Roman Empire was translated to Tiberius upon the 
death of Augustus.” 

Antq. 18.6.5. “For although Tiberius was Emperor 22 years,” etc. 

Antq. 18.6.10. “Tiberius died after he had held the government 22 years, 5 
months, 3 days.”—[August a.d. 14 to March a.d. 37.] 

In view of these words written in the 1st Century how can 
anyone dare to pretend that Tiberius' reign began 3 years 
before the death of Augustus?—Impossible! 

Another fallacy is the pretense that Herod died shortly after 
a partial eclipse of the moon, that occurred March 13, b.c. 4. 
The claim shows that its authors are not versed in the use 
of the Jewish Calendar. If they would consult the “Idan 
Olamim" of Dr. Sossnitz, or other authority, and figure the 
events of b.c. 4 they would find that the partial eclipse was 
followed immediately by the Feast of Purim. Josephus declares 
his eclipse was followed by a Fast. Now inasmuch as Feast is 
not a Fast, Josephus unquestionably had reference to the Fast 
of Tebet, which was celebrated the day after a splendid total 
Eclipse of the Moon, that happened on January 9th b.c. 1.— 

These two fallacies have proved a veritable quicksand to all 
those who have built upon them. 

The second one of our well-authenticated dates was the 





THE CHRISTIAN ERA 


31 


year b.c. 31. By means of it we shall find the year of 
Herod’s birth, and since he lived 70 years the year also of his 
death. 




The battle of Actium took place in the year . 

B.C. 31 

Antq. 15.5.2. 

“In the 7th year of Herod’s reign.” 




[6 entire years] 

6 years 

• ft 

ft* 

14.16.4.'! 

.15. 1.2. 

Herod began to reign in the Sabbatic year 
Herod’s predecessor Antigonus was cast into 

b.c. 37 


20.10. 1. 

prison after he had reigned 3 yrs. 3 raos. 
Months of negotiation followed. Herod 



15. 1. 2. 

bribed Antony, who finally ordered Anti¬ 
gonus beheaded. Whole time nearly . 

4 years 

- 

14.13.10. 

Antigonus began his reign in. 



20.10. 1. 

Before him Hyrcanus reigned for . 

24 years 

• « 

14.13. 3. 

Antipater and Aretas with an army of 50,000 i 

| 



defeated Aristobulus and brought Hyrcanus 

i b.c. 65 


14. 2. 1. 

to powder in. J 

1 

" 

14. 8. 5. 

When Hyrcanus had reigned for ... 

9 years 


14. 9. 2. 

Herod was 15 years old, viz: in .... 

b.c. 56 



It follows by adding. 

15 



We arrive at the year of Herod’s birth . 

B.c. 71 

Wars 

17. 6.1. \ 
1.33.1.J 

Since Herod’s lifetime covered .... 

70 years 



HEROD DIED IN THE YEAR ... 

B.C. 1 


Additional proof :— 

l Mac. xiii. 23. Jonathan slain in 169th year of Seleucidae . b.c. 


Antq. 13. 7. 4. Simon reigned. 

. 8 

years 

lMac. 1 !vU4:} j0hnH y rCanUSrei g ned •'•••• 

. 31 

u 

Antq.13.11. l. Judas Aristobulus, king. 

. 1 

(i 

** 13.15. 5. Alexander Janneus, king .... 

. 27 

a 

“ 13.16. 6. Alexandra-, queen .... 

. 9 

It 

“ 15. 6. 4. Hyrcanus II, king for 3 months . . 

. — 

u 

• 14. l. 2. Aristobulus alone held sway . . . 

. 2 

u 

“ 14. 2 . l. Aretas placed Hyrcanus II in power . 

. — 

u 

“ 14.8. 5.1 After Hycanus II had reigned . . 

. 9 

a 

“ 14.9. 2. > Herod (then 15 years old) was . . 

. — 

a 

14.9. 2. J made Governor of Galilee .... 

. — 

u 

Wars l. 33. 1. Remainder of Herod’s life [70-15] 

. 55 

n 


143 


142 years 


b.c. ' 1 


HEROD DIED IN THE YEAR 























32 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Clement of Alexandria, writing in the 2nd Century testified 
that “Our Lord was born in the 28th year of Augustus Caesar.” 
Antony died Aug. 1 B.c. 30. Peace was restored and the 
Temple of Janus closed, on the 11th of January b.c. 29. 
Augustus had his Triumphal Entry in Aug. B.c. 29 and died 
Aug. 29 a.d. 14 after a reign of 43 years, b.c. 2 therefore, 
was the 28th year of the reign of Augustus Caesar. 

[See Stromata, Book I, chap. 21.] 

The Bible account and the writings of the 1st and 2nd Cen¬ 
turies therefore, harmonize 'perfectly and point with unerring 
accuracy to b.c. 1 as being the year in which Herod died. 

In conclusion it will be observed that guided by the New 
Testament we have pointed out the fact “Jesus began to be 
about 30 years of age” in the year a.d. 29, consequently he 
was born in B.c. 2, also that Herod died in b.c. 1 . Guided by 
contemporaneous history we have demonstrated the fact that 
Herod died in b.c. 1 . We have not only shown the impossi¬ 
bility of an earlier date, but by means of the total eclipse of 
the Moon on January 9th b.c. 1, we have located Herod’s death 
within a few days of the time it actually occurred. 

As to the time when Christ was born there is good reason 
to believe it occurred in the Sabbatic year B.c. 2 during the 
Feast of Tabernacles—September 13 to 21—a season far more 
suitable for 

‘‘Shepherds abiding in the 
“field, keeping watch over 
“their flock by night” 

than the bleak December days of a first century winter, when, 
according to a contemporary writer, snowstorms abounded in 
Palestine and armies were obliged to go into winter quarters. 

The date of Our Lord’s birth, age when he began his 
ministry, and length of same being known quantities, it 
follows that the Spring of a.d. 33 was the time when Messiah 
suffered for the sins of others and brought in everlasting 
righteousness. 




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# 


JOSEPHUS AND CHRONOLOGY. 





HOW TO HEAD JOSEPHUS. 


Beyond all question, Josephus is a hard writer to follow 
and many often feel when consulting his Works as though 
they were at sea without date or compass. This defect however 
can be overcome as Josephus was no romancer, but at all 
times the conscientious and upright historian. He took a 
prominent part in the affairs of the first century, about which 
he wrote as an eye witness. As regards preceding ages he 
culled facts and figures from the * ‘Sacred Books” of the Jews, 
of which he was made the Custodian, also from a fine reference 
library. He names fifty authors found in that collection. His 
great fault lies in the fact that being an active man of affairs 
he did not take the trouble to properly review his own writings, 
striking out conflicting statements, supplying omissions, and 
correcting miscalculations; he simply drove ahead and left 
this heritage of careless composition. 

We have made the long-needed review and supplied the 
corrections. If the reader will make marginal notes of our 
corrections in his own copy, the difficulties of Josephus will 
fade away and his true value as an historian will be appre¬ 
ciated by all. 


( 33 ) 



34 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Josephus' data. 

The world is greatly indebted to Josephus for his admirable 
researches in the Sacred Books of the Jews. Notwithstanding 
his faults, he has preserved with accuracy several spans of 
great length, viz:— 

215 years from the promise to Jacob in Egypt Antq. II, 15, 2. 

430 “ “ “ “ “ the Exodus “ II, 15,2. 

240 “ “ division of tribes to Israel’s captivity—“ IX, 14, 1. 

411 “ “ building to burning of Temple—see page 39. 

126 “ length of the Asmonean dynasty— Antq. XIV, 16, 4. 

He also approached very near to the correct number when he 
declared that the interval between Adam and Malachi was 5000 
years. Unfortunately Josephus did not confine himself to the 
Sacred Books, but frequently gave undue weight to statements 
made by various authors and thus strayed from the true path. 
For instance, in one place he says, regarding Solomon’s Temple, 
that from the building to the burning was 478 years, in another 
place 466 years, and by computation we have 411 years. Only 
this last number is correct. Josephus gives two values to the 
period between the Exodus and the building of the Temple, 
viz:—612 years and 592, both of which are wrong.—See I 
Kin. 6, 1. He gives three values to the reign of Hyrcanus I, 
viz:— 33, 30 and 31 years;—31 is correct", and a galaxy 
of five values to the period between David and the Temple, 
viz:—66, 48, 40, 36 and 11 years. In his calculations he 
gave Saul 18 years and Solomon 80 years, instead of 40 
years to each. To Evil-merodach, in one place he gave 18 
years and in another 2 years. So too the reader has a choice 
in the reign of Nergal-sar-user between 40 years and 4 years.— 
The Canon of Ptolemy gives 4 years. Furthermore, Josephus 
failed to record the 23 years government by Tola, and the 
8 years by Abdon. The following corrections render his 
statements consistent and in harmony with those of the Bible. 


CORRECTIONS FOR ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS. 


BOOK 

FOR 

READ 

Preface, 3 

5000 

4900 

“ 3 

2000 

1500 

I 3,3 

2656 

2256 

“ 6 , 5 

292 

1063 

“ 6 , 5 

70 th 

130 

“ 18, 1 

After the death 

Before the death 

“ 22 1 

185 

180 

IT 11 , 2 

Raguel 

Jethro 

V 1,-28 

20 th year 

40th year 

“ 1, 29 

25 years 

46 years 

“ 3, 3 

40 “ 

4 “ 

“ 4,3 

80 “ 

8 “ 

“ 5,4 

40 “ 

4 “ 

“ 6,1 

3 “ 

7 “ 

“ 6 , 7 

40 “ 

4 “ 

“ 7,6 

Judge omitted 

( Insert) Tola 23 years 

“ 7, 9 

300 years 

| 200 years 

“ 7, 15 

Judge omitted 

( Insert) Abdon 8 years 

VI 5,4 

18-years 

20 years 

“ 13, 5 

12 “ 

39 “ 

“ 13, 5 

18 “ 

38 “ 

“ 14, O' 

18 “ 

38 “ 

“ 14,9 

2 [and 20 ] years 

2 “ 

VII 3,2 

515 years 

397 “ 

“ 15, 3 

1300 “ 

865 “ 

VIII 3, 1 

592 “ 

480 “ 

a a a 

1020 “ 

910 “ 

a a a 

1440 “ 

2047 “ 

a a a 

3102 “ 

4303 “ 

“ 7,8 

Reigned 80 years 

Reigned 40 years 

“ 12,3 

“ 24 “ 

“ 23 {( 

“ « 4 

“ . 2 “ 

“ i “ 

“ “ 5 

“ 12 “ 

“ n “ 

“ 13, 1 

“ 22 “ 

« 21 “ 


(35) 















36 


HOW TO READ JOSEPHUS 


BOOK 

FOR 

READ 

IX 

2 , 1 

Reigned 2 years 

Reigned 1 year 

ft 

3, 2 

“ 25 “ 

“ 23 years 

“ 

5, 3 

“ 8 “ 

“ 6 “ 

ft 

8 , 1 

« 27 “ 

“ 29 “ 

“ 

“ 5 

21 st year 

23rd year 

“ 

“ “ 

17 years 

14 years 

tt 

9,3 

Reigned 29 years 

Reigned 14 years 

“ 

10 , 1.3 

“ 40 “ 

“ 38 “ 

tt 

“ 3 

In the 14th year 

In the 1st year 

tt 

11,1 

20 years 

29 years 

“ 

12, 3 

Reigned 16 years 

Reigned 15 years 

u 

14,1 

947 years 

710 years 

tt 

tt tt 

800 “ 

670 “ 

X 

i,i 

In the 14th year 

In the 28th year 

“ 

4,4 

361 years 

339 years 

it 

8 , 4 

514 “ 6 months, 10 ds. 

448 “ 

tt 

“ “ 

Government 20 years 

40 “ 

a 

8 5 

Burnt 470, 6 mos.,10 days 

411 “* See page 39. 

tt 

ft tt 

1062 years, 6 “ 10 “ 

891 “ 

a 

ft ft 

1957 “ 6 10 “ 

2458 “ 

tt 

if if 

3513 “ 6 “ 10 “ 

4714 “ 

“ 

9, 7 

130 “ 6 “ 10 “ 

135 “ 

tt 

11,2 

Reign of 18 years 

2 “ 


ft ft 

“ M 40 “ 

4 “ 

tt 

“ 4 

360 provinces 

120 provinces 

tt 

“,7 

1296 days 

1290 days 

XI 

3, 2 

127 provinces 

120 provinces 

it 

4,7 

7 years 

5 years 


ft if 

9th year 

6 th year 

it 

ft if 

23rd day 

3rd day 

it 

“ 8 

532 years, 6 mos., 10 days 

495 years 

it 

<< tt 

500 “ 

310 “ 

it 

5,1 

Esdras 

Ezra 

“ 

5 chap. 

Xerxes 

Artaxerxes 

tt 

5,4 

Tebeth 

Chisleu * 

it 

“ 7 

25th year 

20 th year 

“ 

“ 8 

2 years, 4 months 

4 months 

tt 

ft 1 

28th year 

20 th year 















HOW TO READ JOSEPHUS 


37 


BOOK 

FOR 

READ 

XI 6 chap. 

Artaxerxes 

Xerxes 

XII 

7,6 

154th Olympiad 

153rd Olympiad 

(i 

it it 

408 years 

370 years 

it 

11,2 

3 “ 

146th to 149th year. (Seleu) 

XIII 

2, 3 

4 “ 

7 years, 6 months 

“ 

6,6 

4 “ 

7 yrs. one dynasty 3 in another 

n 

8 , 2 

162nd Olympiad 

“In the 4th year of his reign” 

a 

11 , 1 

481| years 

432 years 

tt 

16, 2 

Hyrcanus II made 

H. P. by Alexandra B.C. 70 

XIV 

2 , 1 

<< it tt 

King by Aretas B.C. 65 

ll 

4, 4 

“ “ restored 

H. P. by Pompey B.C. 63 

a 

8 , 5 

“ “ declared 

“High Priest and Ethnarch” 

a 

16, 4 

“of the Fast as if” 

Solemnity of the Feast 

“ 

<< << 

27 years 

26 years 

XV 

6,4 

40 “ 

b.c. 70 to b.c. 30 

XVII 

6 , 3 

125 “ 

126 years 

a 

“ 4 

Date of Eclipse 

January 9th, B.C. 1 

“ 

8,1 

34 years 

35 | years 

tt 

it it 

37 “ 

38§ “ 

XVIII, 2, 2 

6 months, 2 days 

5 months, 22 days 

a 

4,6 

20 th year 

23rd year 

« 

6 , 10 

5 months, 3 days 

6 months, 3 days 

XIX 

2,5 

4 “ 

2 “ 

XX 

10,1 

612 years 

480 years 

a 

a a 

466 “ 6 mos., 10 days 

411 “* See foot note. 

a 

tt tt 

414 “ 

373 “ 

it 

a it 

Jacimus 

Judas 3 years, Jacimus 1 year 

“ 

it it 

Maccabean high priest 

No high priest 7 years 

it 

a a 

Jonathan’s reign 

7 yrs one dynasty, 3 yrs another 

“ 

10,1 

Hyrcanus 30 years 

Hyrcanus 31 years [xiii. 10. 7] 

“ 

a a 

As many months 

6 months 


a a 

24 years 

b.c. 65 to b.c. 41 

it 

a a 

107 years 

106 years 

4 4 

11,2 

2000 “ 

1546 “ 


* Antq. X, 8, 5. Adam to burning of Temple 3513 yr. 6 m. 10 dys. 

“ VIII, 3, 1. “ “ building “ u 3102 0 0 

Temple, from building to burning 411 yr. 6 10 


I 





















CORRECTIONS FOR JEWISH WAR. 


BOOK 

FOR 

1 

READ 

Preface 7 

3 years, 3 months 

3 years 

I 

1,1 

3 “ 6 “ 

“ “ 

it 

2 , 8 

33 entire years 

31 “ 

€€ 

3,1 

471 1 years 

432 “ 

ii 

10, 4 

Very young 

15 “ old 


33, 8 

34 years 

35$ “ 


ii ii 

37 “ 

38} “ 

II 

7, 3 

1 9th year 

10 th year 

( 

9, 5 

6 months, 3 days 

6 months, 18 days 

4 * 

11 , 1 

8 “ 

10 months, 9 days 

V 

9, 4 

3 years, 6 months 

3 years 

VI 

4,5 

10 th day of Ab. 

August 5th A.D. 70 

a 

“ 8 

1130 years, 7 mos. 15 days 

1067 years, 4 months 

it 

ii a 

639 « 1 " 15 “ 

590 “ 

a 

10 , 1 

2 nd year, 8th day 

Sept. 2nd A.D. 70 

ii 

ii ii 

1468 years, 6 months 

1321 years 

ii 

ii ii 

477 “ 6 “ 

448 “ 

ii 

ii a 

1179 years 

1103 “ 

ii 

a a 

2177 “ 

1976 “ 


CORRECTIONS FOR APION. 

BOOK 

FOR 

READ 

I 1 

5000 years 

5370 years 

“ 8 

3000 “ 

3863 “ 

“ 19 

70 “ 

50 “ 

a a 

29 “ 

21 “ 

“ 21 

18th year 

19th year 

i t ii 

2nd “ of Cyrus 

2 nd “ of Darius 

it ii 

“ “ “ Darius 

6 th “ « “ 

II 2 

612 years 

480 years 


C38) 


























AGE OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE. 


We have—page 18—Saul to Zedekiah ... 495 years 

Deduct:—Saul 40, David 40, Solomon 4 . . 84 “ 

Correct Age of Solomon’s Temple . 411 “ 


Josephus’ figures confirm this result—see pages 37 and 40. 

The conditions imposed by Josephus’ numerals can best be 
expressed in graphic form thus:—See Wars 6, 10, 1. 



It can be demonstrated, that Josephus evolved two errors, 
one of 47 years length and the other of 59 years. He struck 
out 106 years [47 + 59] and made 1662 years—Adam to the 
Deluge—reappear as 1556 years, adopting the ingenious plan 
of burying his mistakes in the antediluvian period. However, 
we can afford to overlook this, since he has preserved, in a most 
remarkable manner, that extremely important period—the cor¬ 
rect age of Solomon’s Temple. 


Let us unravel his work and find the correct period. 
(39) 




































Deduct 


515 years 
37 “ 
478 “ 

40 “ 

438 “ 


40 CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 

He tells us that:— 

David and his descendants reigned. 

Antq. 10, 8, 4. 

By deducting the time between David and Temple [33 + 4] 

Antq. 8, 3, 1. 

We ought to get the age of the Temple . 

Wars 6, 10, 1. 

However, he gave Solomon a reign of 80 years, 

instead of the Bible number 40. 

Antq. 8, 7, 8. 

And we have a new value .... 

Besides:—he made two contradictory statements:— 

r From Melchizedek to the Temple . . 1020 vears. 

-j Antq. 8, 3, 1. 

( Melchizedek to the Temple [1469-478] =991 “ Deduct 29 “ 

Wars 6, 10, 1. _ 

Makes the new value. 409 “ 

Finally:—2 years must be returned, because he lost them 
by an error in addition 

Antq. 2, 15, 2. 

Antq. 8, 3, 1. 

[430 + 592 makes 1022, not 1020]. . . . Add 2 “ 

Correct Age of Solomon’s Temple . 411 “ 

Proof:— See foot-note on page 37.—Besides that demonstra¬ 
tion, there are fourteen calculations, made with figures 
given by Josephus, which yield the same result. 

Final Outcome. 


Temple 

begun 


Kingdom 

divided 


Israel’s 

captivity 


Judah’s 


36 —> 

*— 4> 10 > 

/ -IOC V 



< 1J5 - ■ ■ ) 


Age of Temple 

411 years 


Antq. 9, 14, 1. 


It will be observed, that 240 years was the only period pos¬ 
sible, between the division of the Kingdom and Israel’s captivity. 
Therefore, when Usher and others tried to make the amount 
greater, they were obliged to pad their figures with two or three 
“Interregnums.’ All systems of Hebrew chronology based 
on such pretenses are simply relics of the past, at once unre¬ 
liable and misleading. 














BIBLE CHRONOLOGY. 


BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF THE YEARS B.C, 


ADAM TO TERAH. 


Adam 


Flood Babel Terah 



<r— 412 years —> 


zzoo years 


< ■“■•521 years-> 


B.c. 5300 B.c. 3045 b.c. 2633 b.c. 2112 


3189 years 


TERAH TO BURNING OF TEMPLE. 


Terah 


Abraham 


Exodus 


Temple 

begun 


Temple 

burned 



<-430 years-> 


* -411 years-> 

*— 205 years —> 


<—. 480 years.—» 



.C. 2112 b.c. 1907 b.c. 1477 

-Exod. 12.41 - 


<—Gen. 11.32- 


.i Kin. 6.1 

•1526 years. 


i.c. 997 b.c. 586 

Kingdom 495 yrs. 

less reigns of 
Saul, David and 
4 yrs. Solomon 


SUMMARY. 


Adam to Terah.3189 years 

Terah to Burning of Temple. 1526 “ 

Burning of Temple to a.d. 1 . 585 “ 


Adam to a.d. 1 . 5300 years 









































GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 


The most reliable data, extending from Adam to Terah, the 
father of Abraham, gives the following dates: 

Adam. . b.c. 5300 

The Flood . b.c. 3045 

Confusion of tongues ..... b.c. 2633 

Birth of Terah ....... b.c. 2112 

Thus far, Bible chronology can only be classed as approxi¬ 
mate, simply because different opinions may be held regarding 
the weight of evidence found in the various texts Hebrew, 
Septuagint, Samaritan, and the text of Josephus. But, from 
Terah, the father of Abraham, onward to the time when 
Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the Temple, and chronology con¬ 
nects with modern history, the periods are exact and the events 
follow each other in perfect order. The reason for this is found 
in the fact that the Bible has spanned this great stream of time 
by four arches of known length. 

Span 1. Life of Terah .... 205 years. Gen. xi. 32 

Span 2. From Promise to Exodus 430 “ Exod. xii. 41 

Span 3. From Exodus to Temple 480 “ 1 Kings vi. 1 

Span 4. Temple building to burning 411 “ Kings, 495-84 years. 

Total width 1526 years. 


In the matter of patriarchal birth-dates, we give preference 
to the figures of Josephus, because Vespasian made him 
custodian of the “Sacred Books” which Titus captured in 
Jerusalem and carried in triumph to Rome. These books 
were spread out before Josephus when he wrote his “Antiqui- 
(41) 






42 


BIBLE CHRONOLOGY 


ties of the Jews/’ consequently his writings are the latest and 
best testimony we have as to the contents of those official 
volumes. Furthermore, the birth-periods of the patriarchs as 
given by him, run in unison with patriarchal ages and are free 
from those irregularities which characterize the Hebrew text. 
There is reason to believe that human life matured in those 
days very much as it does now. With them a man was counted 
old at 900 years of age, just as a man of 90 years is regarded at 
the present day. If then the man of 900 had a son at 200 years, 
the man of 90 would be expected to have a son at 20 years. 
All of which seems perfectly natural, besides it harmonizes 
with the figures that Josephus copied out of the “ Sacred Books.” 

As to Nahor, the Hebrew text says he was 29 years old when 
Terah was born. The Samaritan says 79 years, while copies 
of the Septuagint range from 79 to 179 years. Josephus is 
silent. In this case alone, we are compelled to take independent 
action. We are reminded that Terah himself was 130 years old 
when Abraham was born, and since in the majority of instances 
Josephus’ figures exceed those of the Hebrew text by 100 years, 
we shall follow his example and place the age of Nahor when 
Terah was born at 129 years. According to the Hebrew text 
Arphaxad was born 2 years after the Flood, Josephus says 12 
years. The latter number is by far the most probable because 
Arphaxad was not the eldest son of Shem, on the contrary he 
was his third son born after the Flood. 

We shall now turn our attention to the great stream of time 
that ran between Terah and the destruction of the Temple. 

Only one point in this span requires special atten- 
SPAN No. 1 tion. When Terah died at 205 years of age his son 
Abraham was 75 years old, consequently Terah was 
130 years old when Abraham was born. Many infer from 
Gen. xi. 26 that Terah was 70 years old, but manifestly such 
was not the case. 

Jacob’s descent into Egypt was the Half-way 
SPAN No. 2 Station in “the sojournings of the children of 
Israel.” 


BIBLE CHRONOLOGY 


43 


From the Promise to Isaac was 25 years 

From birth of Isaac to Jacob was . . 60 “ 

From Jacob to descent into Egypt was 130 

215 years. 

From arrival in Egypt to death of Joseph 71 years. 

Years of oppression in Egypt .... 144 “ 215 years 

Total, [Exod. xii. 41] . 430 years. 


Many writers have taken the ground that the Bible 
SPAN No. 3 length for this span is far too small. Some make it 
573 years, while others place the figures as high as 
680. Not one of them, however, is right . They have all lost sight 
of the fact that the Bible length 480 years—stated in I Kings 
vi. 1—harmonizes with an allowance of 30 years to a generation. 
The genealogy of Samuel proves the same, see page 107. 

This last span is found by laying out the reigns 
SPAN No. 4 of the kings of Judah and Israel, with due regard 
to the locking-dates given in the 1st and the 2nd 
book of Kings. 

The period so determined—see page 18—equals „ 495 years, 

r Reign of Saul .... 40 years. 

Deduct: -I Reign of David . ... 40 

(To building of Temple . 4 ' “ 84 


From Temple building to burning, see page 39 . 

411 years 

Whence it appears that the material 
may be classified as follows:— 

composing 

Hebrew chronology 

textual:— 



From Adam to Terah . - 

• • - * 

3189 years 

EXACT AND BEYOND QUESTION'.— 



Life of Terah „ 

. . 205 


Promise to Exodus . . . 

. 430 


Exodus to Temple . . . 

o 480 


Temple building to burning 

. . 411 


To Christian Era . . . 

. . 585 

2111 years 


Total 5300 years 










44 


BIBLE CHRONOLOGY 


Besides the locking dates there are many 
Counter-Checks verses which serve as counter-checks. A 
very marked example is found in Ezekiel 

“In the 5 and 20th year of our Captivity, in the beginning of the 
year ... in the 14th year after the City was smitten.” Ezek. xl. 1. 

This cluster of numbers enables us to determine several 
important dates. Starting with the year in which:— 


Since Nebuchadnezzar became King of Babylon . b.c. 605 
And took [ii Kin. 24 . 12 ] 10,000 captives, in his . 8th yr. 

“The Year of our Captivity” was . . b.c.’ 597 

Deducting the . 25 yrs. 

We have for “the 25th year” of same . . b.c. 572 

Adding the . . 14 yrs. 

We learn that Jerusalem was taken in . . . . b.c. 586 


The Ancients divided the year into 12 parts 
Solar Years and in order to preserve the correct rotation 
of the seasons, at intervals they added a por¬ 
tion of suitable magnitude. This also was the custom of the 
Hebrews.—See the Idan Olamim, of Rabbi Sossnitz. 

The centuries are punctuated by great 
Punctuation battles and marked events, such as occurred 
at Gilboa, Solomon’s Temple, Division of the 
Tribes, Karkar, Israel’s Captivity, Nebuchadnezzar made 
king, Judah’s Captivity, Cyrus, Zerubbabel’s Temple, Artax- 
erxes, Nehemiah’s Temple, Cunaxa, Era of Seleucidse, Feast 
of Lights, Independence Day, Jerusalem taken by Pompey, 
Herod made king, and the battle of Actium. These dates 
form historical landmarks, each one of which puts a stop to 
any accumulation of errors and thus preserves the integrity of 
the entire record. 

The following table embodies the results of 
Graphic Solution many graphic plottings like the blue prints 
facing pages 17, 32, and 70. 








BIBLE CHRONOLOGY. 


1 

B.C. 

Years. 

Totals. 

From Adam to Seth. 

5300 to 5071 

230 


Birth of Seth to birth of Enos .... 

5071 to 4866 

205 


Birth of Enos to birth of Cainan .... 

4866 to 4676 

190 


Birth of Cainan to birth of Mahalaleel . 

4676 to 4506 

170 


Birth of Mahalaleel to birth of Jared . . 

4506 to 4341 

165 


Birth of Jared to birth of Enoch .... 

4341 to 4179 

162 


Birth of Enoch to birth of Methuselah . 

4179 to 4014 

165 


Birth of Methuselah to birth of Lamech 

4014 to 3827 

187 


Birth of Lamech to birth of Noah 

3827 to 3645 

182 


Birth of Noah to the Flood. 

3645 to 3045 

600 


Adam to Flood 



2256 

The Flood. 

3045 to 3044 

1 


The Flood to birth of Arphaxad .... 

3044 to 3032 

12 


Birth of Arphaxad to birth of Salah . 

3032 to 2897 

135 


Birth of Salah to birth of Eber .... 

2897 to 2767 

130 


Birth of Eber to birth of Peleg .... 

2767 to 2633 

134 


The Confusion of Tongues. 

b.c. 2633 



Flood to Babel 



412 

Birth of Peleg to birth of Reu .... 

2633 to 2503 

130 


Birth of Reu to birth of Serug .... 

2503 to 2373 

130 


Birth of Serug to birth of Nahor .... 

2373 to 2241 

132 


The death of Eber, father of Hebrews . . 

2303 



Birth of Nahor to birth of Terah .... 

2241 to 2112 

129 


Babel to Terah 



521 

Birth of Terah to birth of Abraham . 

2112 to 1982 

130 


Birth of Abraham to the Promise 

1982 to 1907 

75 


SPAN No. 1 . 



205 

The Promise to birth of Isaac .... 

1907 to 1882 

25 


Birth of Isaac to birth of Jacob .... 

1882 to 1822 

60 


Birth of Jacob to birth of Joseph 

1822 to 1731 

91 


Birth of Joseph to descent into Egypt .. 

1731 to 1692 

39 


Arrival in Egypt to death of Joseph . 

1692 to 1621 

71 


Years of Oppression in Egypt .... 

1621 to 1477 

144 


SPAN No. 2 . 

. . . 


430 



- 

3824 


(45) 






















46 


BIBLE CHRONOLOGY 



B.C. 

Years. 

Totals. 

The birth of Aaron . 

1561 


3824 

The birth of Moses. . .' 

1557 



Moses fled from Egypt . 

1517 



The birth of Caleb . 

1516 



The Exodus From Egypt. 

1477 



People rebelled; death sentences .... 

1475 



The death of Aaron . 

1438 



The death of Moses . 

1437 



Israel in the Wilderness . 

1477 to 1437 

40 


Israel crossed the Jordan. 

1437 



The land divided . 

1431 



The rule of Joshua . 

1437 to 1391 

46 


The Elders and “No king”. 

1391 to 1371 

20 


Servitude in Mesopotamia. 

1371 to 1363 

8 


Othniel 1st Judge . 

1363 to 1359 

4 


Servitude to Moabites . 

1359 to 1341 

18 


Ehud 2nd Judge . 

1341 to 1334 

7 


Shamgar 3rd Judge. 

1334 to 1333 

1 


Servitude to Canaanites . 

1333 to 1313 

20 


Deborah 4th Judge . 

1313 to 1309 

4 


Servitude to Midianites. 

1309 to 1302 

7 


Gideon 5th Judge. 

1302 to 1298 

4 


Abimelech 6th Judge. 

1298 to 1295 

3 


Tola 7th Judge . . . 

1295 to 1272 

23 


Jair 8th Judge . 

1272 to 1250 

22 


Servitude to Ammonites. 

1250 to 1231 

19 


Jephthah 9th Judge. 

1231 to 1225 

6 


Ibzan 10th Judge. 

1225 to 1218 

7 


Elon 11th Judge. 

1218 to 1208 

10 


Abdon 12th Judge. 

1208 to 1200 

8 


r Servitude to Philistines. \ 

1200 to 1180 

20 


\ Samson 13th Judge. 1 

1180 to 1160 

20 


Eli 14th Judge. 

1160 to 1120 

40 


History of Boaz and Ruth. 

about 1140 



Samuel 15th Judge ....... 

1120 to 1081 

39 


Saul 1st King. 

1081 to 1041 

40 


Sabbatic periods neglected, ii Chron.,- 36, 21. 

1080 to 590 



David, 7 years in Hebron, 33 in Jerusalem. 

1041 to 1001 

40 


Temple begun, 4th year of Solomon 

1001 to 997 

4 


SPAN No. 3 . 



480 

Solomon (4 + 36 = 40 yrs.) .... 

997 to 961 

36 


Kingdom divided. 

961 


1 




| 4304 

1 

























BIBLE CHRONOLOGY 


47 


JUDAH. 

ISRAEL. 

B.C. 

Years. 

Totals. 




36 

4304 

P^ehoboam . 

. 

961 to 943 

18 



Jeroboam I 

961 to 939 



Abijah .... 


943 to 941 

2 


Asa. 


941 to 899 

42 



Nadab i 

939 to 938 




Baasha . . . . 

938 to 915 




Elah [Zimri = 7 days] i 

915 to 914 




Tibni and Omri . 

914 to 909 




Omri, alone 

909 to 903 




Ahab. 

903 to 882 



Jehoshaphat 


899 to 876 

23 


[died b.c. 875] 

Ahaziah [died B.c. 876] 

882 to 881 




Joram. 

881 to 869 



Jehoram 


876 to 870 

6 


Ahaziah 


870 to 869 

1 



Jehu. 

869 to 840 



Queen Athaliah 


869 to 863 

6 


Joash .... 

. 

863 to 824 

39 



Jehoahaz .... 

840 to 826 




Jehoash .... 

826 to 810 



Amaziah [died b.c. 795] 


824 to 810 

14 


Uzziah [died b.c. 743] 

. 

810 to 757 

53 



Jeroboam II . 

810 to 772 




Zachariah and Shallum 

772 to 771 




Menahem .... 

771 to 761 




Pekahiah .... 

761 to 759 




Pekah . 

759 to 730 



Jotham .... 


757 to 742 

15 


Ahaz .... 


742 to 727 

15 



Hoshea .... 

730 to 721 




Israel carried to Assyria 

721 



Hezekiah 


727 to 698 

29 


Manasseh 

. 

698 to 642 

56 


Amon . . . . 


642 to 640 

2 


Josiah . . . . 


640 to 609 

31 


Jehoahaz [see Jehoiachin]. 

609 to 608 

1 


Jehoiakim 

. 

60S to 597 

11 


Daniel and Princes taken to Babj lon 

606 



Babylonian captivity. 

606 to 536 



Jehoiachin [counted 

with Jehoahaz] . 

597 



Zedekiah’s reign 

. . 

597 to 586 

j 11 



SPAN No 4 . 

. . . 


411 


4715 












































43 


BIBLE CHRONOLOGY 




B.C. 

Y ears. 

Totals. 

Israel rejected (Ezek. xx. 3) . 

590 


4715 

Divine indignation (Zech. i, 12) .... 

590 to 520 



Temple burnt by Nebuchadnezzar . 

586 



No Temple Service . 

585 to 515 

70 


Death of Nebuchadnezzar. 

562 



Cyrus made King of Persia . 

558 



Belshazzar . 

541 to 538 



Cyrus took Babylon . 

538 



Darius the Mede . 

538 to 536 



Jews liberated by Cyrus . 

536 



Darius Hystaspes . 

521 to 485 



ZerubbabePs Temple begun. 

520 



Probation, followed by Indignation . 

520 to 450 



ZerubbabePs Temple finished. 

515 



ZerubbabePs to Nehemiah’s Temple . 

515 to 445 

70 


Xerxes king of Persia. 

485 to 465 



Esther, queen of Persia. 

479 to 471 



Artaxerxes king of Persia. 

465 to 425 



1 

' Exodus of Jews from Persia, before Passover 

458 




“ seventy weeks ” of Daniel = 490 years 




1 

L Passover b.c. 458 to Passover a.d. 33 = 490 




Temple restored by Nehemiah .... 

445 



From Temple to death of Artaxerxes 

445 to 425 

20 


Nehemiah ruled as Governor. 

445 to 433 



Last date given in Old Testament Neh. xiii. 6 

433 



History foretold by Daniel xi. chap. 

425 to 163 

262 


Persia conquered at Cunaxa. 

401 



Persia conquered by Alexander .... 

331 




ERA OE SELEUCIDAE COMMENCED. 





' By Greek standard, October 1st b.c. . 

312 




By Babylonian standard, March b.c. . 

311 




By Josephus’ standard, October 1st b.c. 

312 




l By I and II Maccabees’ October 1st b.c. . 

312 



Defeat of the Carthaginians. 

202 




f Temple despoiled, Nov. 27th . 

168 




s Asmonean Dynasty. 

163 to 37 




( “ Feast of Lights ” Nov. 25th . . 

165 



Judas Maccabeus, high priest .... 

163 to 160 

3 


No Asmonean high priest (Alcimus) . 

160 to 153 

7 


Jonathan Maccabeus, high priest . . . 

153 to 143 

10 


Simon, Captain. 

145 to 143 



Simon, high priest. 

143 to 135 

8 





450 

4715 
































BIBLE CHRONOLOGY 


49 



B.C. 

Y ears. 

Totals. 

Independence Day, May 4th .... 

141 

450 

4715 

John Hyrcanus, high priest. 

135 to 104 

31 


Judas Aristobulus, king. 

104 to 103 

1 


Alexander Janneus, king. 

103 to 76 

27 


Queen Alexandra. 

76 to 67 

9 


Birth of Herod the Great. 

71 



Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus in agreement . 

67 to 65 

2 


Jerusalem taken by Pompey, May 24th . 

63 



Hyrcanus II installed by Aretas .... 

65 to 41 

24 


Herod made Governor of Galilee .... 

56 



Antigonus. 

41 to 37 

4 


Herod made King. 

40 



Herod captured Jerusalem. 

37 



Herod reigned. 

37 to 1 

36 


Battle of Actium, Sept. 3rd. 

31 



First year of famine. 

24 



The Sanctuary dedicated. 

18 



Birth of king Agrippa . *.. 

10 



Alexander and Aristobulus slain .... 

4 



Christ bom in Bethlehem. 

2 



Death of Herod.. . 

1 



To Christian Era. 


1 


Zedekiah to A.D. 1 

. . . 


585 




.. 


Total number of years 5300 


From this total of years it is evident that the history of our 
race, according to the Hebrew system of chronology, began 
with the year b.c. 5300. 


Bible chronology during the first 3000 years can only be classed as 
approximate, simply because different opinions may be held regarding the 
weight of evidence found in the various texts Hebrew, Septuagint, 
Samaritan, and the text of Josephus. But from Terah, the father of 
Abraham, onward to the time when Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the 
Temple, and chronology connects with modern history, the periods are 
exact and the events follow each other in perfect order. 








































































































ISRAEL OF THE EXODUS. 


ON THE ROAD TO CANAAN. 


One is apt to think of Israel as spending 40 years on the 
road to Canaan and lose sight of the fact, that 39 of those years 
were spent in camp, while only one year was consumed in 
covering their entire journey of 1100 miles between Rameses 
and the river Jordan. The Bible record is complete as to 
the route followed, but the history of their journey is scattered 
through half a dozen different books, the record changing back 
and forth from one place to another nearly 100 times. We 
have assembled this data and illustrated the route by an 
itinerary map. In order to bring out the names of places 
with greater clearness we have omitted the mountain ranges 
and gorges, but in plotting the line of march both their location 
and the gradients overcome have been carefully taken into the 
account, hence the course shown is topographically correct. 

Israel’s journey may be divided into three sections, viz:— 
Rameses to Sinai, thence to Kadesh, and finally to the crossing 
of the Jordan. They tarried 11 months at Sinai and 38 years 
at Kadesh. Before reaching Kadesh they crossed the line 
which later on became the southern boundary of Canaan. 
They were therefore truly within the Land of Promise by July 
b.c. 1476. They were then commanded to take immediate 
possession, but their faith failed and so it remained for the 
following generation to enter upon that grand inheritance. 

We find that in Bible geography as in Bible chronology, a 
golden thread of logical sequence binds all together and 
proclaims a Divine origin. 


(50) 



ON THE ROAD TO CANAAN 


51 


The children of Israel left Rameses on the 19th of April 
B.C. 1477 under the leadership of Moses and after a journey 
of six weeks encamped at Mt. Sinai where they remained 11 
months and received from God a civil code and a complete 
form of religious worship. The change in altitude, from the 
sea-level brick yards of Egypt to land 5000 ft. above the sea, 
was simply ideal from the hygienic point of view and fitted to 
work a complete change in bodily conditions. Their next 
objective point was the Wilderness around Kadesh which at 
that time was counted a journey of 11 days. However they 
spent 2 months on the road being detained at Kibroth-hattaavah 
also at Hazeroth. Before reaching the neighborhood of Kadesh 
they crossed the line which later on became the southern boun¬ 
dary line of Canaan and therefore were truly within the Land of 
Promise by July b.c. 1476. Having advanced almost to Hormah 
they received a command to take immediate possession of the 
entire country and if they had shown the same faith they pre¬ 
viously displayed at the Red Sea, they would then have marched 
forward and accomplished a series of most dazzling victories. 
But their faith failed. Worse still, rank rebellion lifted its head, 
the people rejected God and appointed a Captain of their own 
choosing, saying:—“Were it not better for us to return into 
Egypt?”—Such treason could not go unpunished. God told 
them:—“Tomorrow turn you, and get you into the Wilderness 
by the Way of the Red Seal” The next morning a portion of 
the host becoming presumptuous, advanced beyond Hormah, 
and in direct opposition to the warning of Moses and the com¬ 
mand of God, climbed to the hill top where they were defeated 
by the Amalekites and were chased even to Hormah itself. 
Meantime the rest of the host under Moses made a detour into 
the valley or gorge of the Arabah, following the Hebron and 
Petra road, called in those days “the Way of the Red Sea,” 
and so worked their way back to Kadesh, which place they 
reached in the month of March b.c. 1475. The penalty for 
rebellion was God’s refusal to use any of those soldiers, except 


52 CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 

Joshua and Caleb, in his great work of conquering the land 
of Canaan.—In the next 38 years the original host passed away 
and other thousands came on the field. These years were 
spent near the city of Kadesh in the Wilderness of Zin, over 
which the people may be said to have roamed rather than 
wandered. To wander, implies moving without any settled 
purpose, but to roam conveys the idea of returning to a given 
starting point. Two causes combined to keep them in the 
neighborhood of Kadesh, viz: the pillar of cloud by day and 
of fire by night, also the daily downpour of manna. Wonderful 
as the miracles wrought in the presence of Pharoah appear 
in our eyes, they do not approach the miracle of the manna, 
that daily food on which many thousands of people subsisted. 
In studying the journeyings of Israel it is important to keep 
in mind the centralizing effect of food given in one locality. 
The people might roam for miles around a given point but they 
always had the fixed purpose of returning within a short time 
to satisfy the demands of hunger. We read of Israel going 
to Kadesh, of their abiding in Kadesh and of their final departure 
from Kadesh, but no journeyings are mentioned while they 
were serving their 38 years’ sentence. 

The journey of the Israelites is associated with a chapter in 
tribal history, that throws light on their stay at Kadesh. It 
is a curious fact that they were able to encamp near that city 
for so long a time and yet they met with no opposition. Now 
the 31 principal cities of Canaan each had its own king, who 
at a later day was conquered by Joshua. Among these was the 
king of Kadesh-in-Galilee but nothing is said about a king of 
Kadesh-barnea, nor was the allegiance of its inhabitants claimed 
either by the Edomites, the Canaanites, or by the Amalekites. 
That the Kenites dwelt in Kadesh we think is shown by the 
fact, that when Israel left Kadesh, the Kenites went with them to 
Jericho (probably fearful of consequences had they remained) 
and afterward they followed Judah and Simeon when the latter 
tribes went to conquer the country allotted to them. This terri- 


ON THE ROAD TO CANAAN 


53 


tory included Kadesh-barnea and near that city the Kenites 
again settled. The Kenites were beloved by Israel for their 
hospitality and other sterling qualities, also because they counted 
among their number Jethro, Hobab, and Zipporah; the father-in- 
law, the brother-in-law and the wife of Moses. That the 
attachment was lasting is shown by the fact that 400 years later, 
King Saul told the Kenites:—“Go, depart, get you down from 
among the Amalekites lest I destroy you with them: for ye 
showed kindness to all the children of Israel when they came 
up out of Egypt.” Again in David’s time we read of “the cities 
of the Kenites” and the context shows that they were still held in 
affectionate regard throughout the land of Israel. Even then, 
their influence did not cease, because after another 500 years the 
sterling qualities of Rechab the Kenite were perpetuated in the 
orderly lives of the Rechabites which brought forth the promise, 
“thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel: Jonadab 
the son of Rechab shall not want a man to stand before me 
forever.”—[Rechabites were found in Arabia a.d. 1828.] 

Surely in view of such a record, also in view of the fact that 
in God’s original promise made to Abraham the first lands 
mentioned were those of the Kenites , it is not hard to decide 
that Kadesh-barnea belonged to the Kenites, that Jethro was 
their priest-ruler and that his son Hobab found “Mine own 
land and my kindred” in the city of Kadesh. Israel therefore 
was among friends at Kadesh and of course at peace. 

For a clear understanding of the Scripture narrative we must 
remember that it contains many duplicate names, as for in¬ 
stance :— 


Paran 
Sinai . 
Taberah . 
Etham 
Kadesh 
Hormah . 
Debir . 
Hebron 
Mt. Hermon . 


Zin 

Horeb 

Kibroth-hattaavah 

Shur 

Kadesh-barnea 
Zephath 
Kirjath-sepher 
Kirjath-arba 
Shenir and Sirion 












54 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


This duplication of words generally has a geographical origin. 
For example, those who live south of a Wilderness call it by 
the name of a town in their own neighborhood, witness:—Paran, 
while others living north of identically the same Wilderness 
call it after their most important town, viz:—Z in. So too with 
mountains, we encounter the same peculiarity, for instance some 
called Mt. Hermon by the name of Mt. Shenir while others 
spoke of it as Mt. Sirion. But this should not cause surprise 
for in our own country the people of Tacoma speak of their 
majestic peak as Mt. Tacoma, while the residents of Seattle 
insist on calling the same mountain Mt. Ranier. 

Having now followed Israel to Kadesh, and noted the effect 
of time on their army we come to the final stage wherein they 
journeyed from Kadesh to the river Jordan. Those who reached 
Kadesh at 19 years of age were now 56 years old. No men 
exceeded this age, excepting Joshua and Caleb who were respec¬ 
tively 69 and 78 years old. With such a force the nation was 
in splendid fighting trim. No special sympathy need be ex¬ 
pended on account of their long stay in Kadesh, for when we 
contrast, the perfect freedom of the people to engage in the 
ordinary pursuits of every day life and how they received their 
daily bread from God, with their former condition wherein the 
Egyptians “made their lives bitter with hard bondage in mortar 
and in bricks and in all manner of sendee in the field” under the 
rays of a torrid sun, they certainly had great cause for thank¬ 
fulness. Besides, their long stay in the desert probably exerted 
that fascinating influence over their minds, which is so common 
among those who have lived a.long time in the arid regions of 
California and Arizona. Curiously enough, when such persons 
have occasion to visit what we would call more favored parts 
of the country, they are unhappy amid their new surround¬ 
ings and long to get back to their former haunts. 

Before leaving Kadesh, Moses sent to the king of Edom and 
asked permission to follow the highway across his kingdom, 
thus hoping to reach the Damascus road by a short cut-off 
and save the people a weary journey around the mountain range 


ON THE ROAD TO CANAAN 


55 


called Seir. The king however, not only refused to grant the 
request but guarded his border with an armed force. Then, 
“the whole congregation journeyed from Kadesh and came 
to Mt. Hor.” The real Mt. Hor, now called Mt. Madurah, 
is located southwest of the Dead Sea at the west end of the 
Fikreh Valley not far from Hormah. It is a lone peak, like 
Mt. Tabor rising about 1000 feet above the adjoining plain, 
and located wholly within the land of Canaan. The traditional 
site of the tomb of Aaron on Mt. Hor near Petra in the land of 
Edom does not satisfy conditions stated, Num. 20, 27, 28. Its 
summit—6000 ft. above the plain—was out of sight and not “ in 
sight of all the congregation.” If the ceremony had taken place 
there, it would have required field glasses to see it. 

On reaching Mt. Madurah, Moses was instructed to take 
Aaron and Eleazar to the top of the mountain and transfer the 
high priestly robes from Aaron to his son. This was done in 
the sight of all Israel. Aaron then died on that 20th day of July 
B.c. 1438 and was buried on the top of the mountain. The 
people mourned him for 30 days and then pushed onward toward 
Hormah, where they defeated the Canaanites who came from 
Arad, and destroyed their cities. Then “they journeyed south¬ 
ward from Mt. Madurah by the Way of the Red Sea to compass 
land of Edom.” This brought them a second time to Ezion- 
gaber, where “they turned” and travelled northward “by the 
way of the wilderness of Moab.” On the road, they once more 
rebelled and fiery serpents were sent among them from the effect 
of whose poison there was no escape except by an act of faith. 
In obedience to God’s command Moses made a brass casting 
in imitation of a serpent and mounted it on a pole so that all 
could see it. We learn (n Kings 18, 4.) that the people religi¬ 
ously preserved said casting for more than 700 years, but that 
it was finally broken up by king Hezekiah. 

Their course now lay along the Damascus road, first running 
east of the country of Moab and then west of the country of 
Ammon until at last they reached the brooks of Arnon, which 
they crossed and followed until they came to Jahaz. 


56 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


The next few months were remarkable for successful encoun¬ 
ters both in Gilead and Bashan with the Amorites which led 
them as far as Mt. Hermon the extreme northern limit of their 
possessions, a point that the spies had visited some 38 years 
before. They then fought their way southward along the sea 
of Galilee through Mahanaim to the Plains of Moab, near the 
Dead Sea and opposite to Jericho. It was now the Winter of 
b.c. 1438-7, and enervated by the tropical climate which char¬ 
acterizes the region of the Dead Sea many succumbed to the 
wiles of the Midianites and were carried off in the plague. 
War followed in which the Midianites were defeated and Balaam 
the secret enemy of Israel was slain. Thus ended the conquest 
of all their territory east of the river Jordan. 

Moses delivered his valedictory address on the 12t,h day of 
January B.c. 1437, finished writing the Book of the Law and 
died in the month of February. 

Israel mourned for him during the next 30 days. 

Joshua then took supreme command and led the children 
of Israel across the Jordan on the 21st day of March b.c. 1437. 
They at once took possession of Gilgal where they celebrated 
the Passover on the 26th of March. Thus in 40 years from the 
time they left Rameses they entered Canaan from its eastern 
border and took such rapid possession that in 6 years' time 
they were able to divide the land among their twelve tribes. 

Some of the Bible records are so exact that we have been able 
not only to fix upon the month, but also to give the day of the 
month. This would not have been possible if Jewish chronology 
had rested on any one of the Eras of the ancient world. All 
their feasts however rested on an astronomical basis and found 
their recurrence in the phases of the Moon. Consequently 
Jewish dates can be given with great precision. 

























































































































































































































































































ISRAEL’S ITINERARY. 


REFERENCES 

NAMES OF PLACES 

DATES 

OF ARRIVAL 

MILES 

Exodus 12, 37 

Left Rameses— “zoan.” 

b.c. 1477, April 19th 


Num. 

33, 5 

Arrival at Succoth 

ii 

April 

30 

Exod. 

15, 22 

Etham, or Shur 

ii . 

ii 


“ 

14, 9 

Pi-hahirotk 

ii 

ii 

42 

ii 

“ 15 

Crossed the Red Sea 

a 

probably May 


ii 

15, 22 

Wilderness of Shur 

“ 

ii 


a 

“ 23 

Marah 

a 

a 

47 


“ 27 

Elim 

a 

a 


Num. 

33, 10 

“By the Red Sea” 

“ 

<c 

28 

Exod. 

16, 1 

Wilderness of Sin 

“ 

May 19th 


Num. 

33,12 

Dophkah . . . camped 

“ 

May 


it 

“ 13 

Alush 

(( 

ii 


Exod. 

17, 1 

Rephidim 

tc 

“ 


it 

19, 2 

Desert of Sinai 

“ 

“ 


fi 

“ 1 

Arrived at Mt. Sinai 

“ 

June 3rd 

82 

Num. 

10, 11 

Left “ “ v 

b.c. 1476 

», May 12th 


“ 

11, 3 

( Taberah... camped 

ii 

“ 15th 


ii 

“ 34 

1 Kibroth-hattaavah 

ii 

month of June 


ii 

“ 35 

Hazeroth 

ii 

probably June 


“ 

12, 16 

Wilderness of Paran 

ii 

a 


“ 

33, 18 

Rithmah ... camped 

“ 

“ 


“ 

“ 19 

Rimmon-parez 


a 


ii 

“ 20 

Libnah 

“ 

a 


“ 

“ 21 

Rissah 

ii 

a 


“ 

“ 22 

Kehelathah 

“ 

a 


ii 

“ 23 

Mt. Shapher 

ii 

a 


a 

“ 24 

Haradah 

“ 

a 


“ 

“ 25 

Makhaloth 

ii 



a 

“ 26 

Tahath... camped 

“ 

probably July 


a 

“ 27 

Tarah 

a 

“ 


“ 

“ 28 

Mithcah 

a 

ii 


“ 

“ 29 

Hashmonah 

a 

ii 


ti 

“ 30 

Moseroth .. . camped 

r 


ii 



( 57 ) 


Total, 229 















31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

16 

20 

21 

22 

7 

46 

14 

6 

37 

7 

7 

17 

3 

8 

8 

41 

42 

10 

11 

1 

12 

26 

14 

16 

18 

19 

19 

32 

43 

9 

lira 


Israel’s itinerary 


NAMES OF PLACES 

1 DATES OF ARRIVAL 

MILES 

Bene-jaakan 

b.c. 1476, probably July 

229 

Hor-hagidgad 

ii it 


Jotbathah 

“ ii 


Ebronah camped 

ii ii 


Ezion-gaber “ 

ii ii 

116 

The Red Sea to Kadesh 

ii ii 

97 

Wilderness of Paran, or 

b.c. 1476, month of July 

86 

Zin 


“People abode in 

“ 1475, March 12th 


Kadesh” 

[Ayn Qadees.] 



Left Kadesh after 38 yrs. 

b.c. 1438, month of July 


Beeroth 

ii a a 


Mosera, facing Mt. Hor* 

“ July 20th 


Gudgodah 

“ August 20th 


Jotbath 

“ probably Aug. 


Hormah or Zephath 

ii ii 

40 

Plain, or Way of the 

“ probably Sept. 

102 

Arabah 



Wilderness of Moab 

ii ii 


Zalmonah 

ii ii 

56 

Punon 

ii ii 


Oboth 

ii ii 


Ije-abarim 

“ 


Tophel 

ii ii 


Valley of Zared 

ii ii 


Wilderness of Kedemoth 

a % a 

87 

Brooks of Arnon 

a a 


Beer 

a a 


Mattanah 

a a 


Nahaliel 

a ' a 


Bamoth 

a a 


Jahaz 

a a 


Bezer—city of refuge 

a a 


Areor 

a a 

27 


// 


Total, 840 

















ISRAEL S ITINERARY 


59 


REFERENCES 

NAMES OF PLACES 

1 

DATES OF ARRIVAL 

MILES 

Joshua 

13,17 

Dibon 

b.c. 1438, probably Sept. 

840 

Num. 

32, 3 

Ataroth 

ti it 


tt 

33, 46 

Almon-diblathaim 

a tt 


Josh. 

13, 9 

Medeba 

a a 


a 

“ 17 

Baal-meon 

a a 


Num. 

33, 47 

Mts. of Abarim, Nebo 

a a 


it 

21,25 

Heshbon 

“ probably Oct. 

25 

“ 

32, 37 

Elealah 

ti it 


“ 

21, 32 

Jaazer 

it it 


tt 

32, 35 

Jogbehah 

it it 

68 

“ 

21, 33 

Edrei 

tt a 

Josh. 

13, 31 

Ashtaroth 

a n 


Deu. 

4, 43 

Golan—city of refuge 

it . it 


“ 

3, 4 

60 cities of Bashan 

a “ 


“ 3 

, 8, 9 

it tt 

it if 


ft 

4, 48 

Mt. Hermon 

it it 


Num. 

32, 42 

Kenath 

ft • if 


Deu. 

3, 10 

Salchah 

ft it 

102 

Josh. 

13, 26 

Mahanaim 

“ probably Nov. 

56 

Deu. 

3,16 

River Jabbok 

ft if 

24 

Josh. 

13, 27 

Succoth and Zaphon 

it it 


Deu. 

4, 43 

Ramoth-gilead—city of 

ft it 

11 

1 Kin. 

22, 3 

refuge 

(f ti 


Josh. 

13, 26 

Betonim 

it tt 


Num. 

32, 36 

Beth-nimrah 

ti a 


Josh. 

13, 27 

Beth-aram 

it tt 


Num. 

33, 49 

Beth-jeshimoth 

tt ft 


it 

“ 50 

Plains of Moab 

tt tt 


it 

25, 1 

Shittim 

“ Winter 


Deu. 

4, 46 

Beth-peor 

it ti 


Josh. 

3,14 

Crossed the Jordan 

b.c. 1437, March 21st 

24 

it 

4, 19 

Gilgal taken 

tt tt 



Total, 1150 


Rev. F. E. Hoskins (for 26 years Missionary to Syria) says:— 

“Mr. Auchincloss’ Map and accompanying letter press, was one of the 
most valuable books we carried with us into the Wilderness.” 

See National Geographical Magazine, December, 1909. 





















Israel of the Exodus 


A Census was taken at Sinai, in which the tribe of Levi was 
not counted, but happily its total can be supplied from data 
given in the 39th verse of the 3rd chapter of Numbers, where 
it is stated that:— 

“All the Males from a month old and upward were” . 22,000 

It follows that all the Females were about .... 22,000 

Tribe of Levi 44,000 


Since this total represents men, women and children, and 
the totals given for Reuben, Gad, Ephraim and Asher range 
between 40,000 and 47,000, it is evident that the totals for 
the other tribes in like manner represent men, women and 
children. We have then:— 


Exodus 12.37 Twelve Tribes .... 600,000 

“ 38.28 “Odd numbers” . . . 3,550 

Num. 3.39 Tribe of Levi .... 44,000 

All Israel. 647,550 


A vast multitude of men, women and children of all ages! 

“A nation great, mighty and populous.”—Deut. 1.10—26.5. 

If we take from this number, those who were so helpless as to 
require assistance from others, such as infants, the infirm and 
the aged, for whose transportation Israel had an ample supply 
of animals and covered wagons (Gen. 45. 19:21, Num. 7.3 to 
10), we come at once to the original statement of:— 

“ABOUT 600,000 ON FOOT.”—Exod. 12.37. 

The guidance, supply of food and water, protection and 
final settlement of this great multitude in the land of Canaan, 
were features that could alone be attained by the miraculous 
intervention of Almighty God. 

The race of men so trained has left its mark on the pages 
of history, has safeguarded the Inspired Scriptures and handed 
down their rich store to succeeding generations. 

(60) 








/ 




















* 


K 






\ 


t 


ASSYRIA AND CHRONOLOGY. 


THE BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION 



THE BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. B.C. 493 

The Behistun Inscription was cut in the rock by Royal 
command of Darius Hystaspes and his son Xerxes (Ahasuerus). 
They reigned over Persia and Media B.C. 521 to 485 and B.c. 
485 to 465. The Bible mentions Darius in Ezra vi, Haggai i, 
and Zechariah I. It mentions Xerxes in the Book of Esther. 
The inscription was for years regarded as inaccessible, being 
located on the mountain side 300 feet above the plain. Finally, 
Major Rawlinson scaled the heights and had himself lowered 
in a painter’s chair to a position directly in'front of the Tablets. 

















TESTIMONY OF THE MONUMENTS. 


The question naturally arises, how do these dates given in 
Bible Chronology compare.with the latest results of archaeo¬ 
logical research? — We answer, the earliest inscriptions go b 
back to the year b.c. 5000—see First of Empires, by Boscawen. 

Dr. Flinders Petrie locates 1st dynasty of Egypt. b 

In Chinese chronology the “highest antiquity” was the year b 

Prof. Robert W. Rogers, the noted American authority on 
Assyriology, has discovered that the 2nd dynasty of Babylon 
forms no part of a continuous record, consequently the events 
of the 3rd dynasty follow immediately after those of the first. 

As a sequence, he has found that the great law-giver, 
Hammurabi, the Amraphel of Gen. xiv, was a contemporary 
of the patriarch Abraham; and estimates that Abraham’s call 
came in b.c. 1915. 

By Bible Chronology we find that the Call was made and 
the promise given to Abraham in the year b.c. 1907. 

Prof. Albert T. Clay, in his recent work Light on the Old 
Testament from Babel, gives reasons for believing that Thothmes 
III was the Pharaoh of the Oppression and his successor, Ameno- 
phis II, the Pharaoh of the Exodus. His calculations have led 
him to believe that Amenophis II began to reign in b.c. 1449, 
while other authorities place the coronation at an earlier date, 
viz.—B.c. 1550. 

Bible Chronology states that the Exodus took place b.c. 1477. 

It also states that Saul was made king in the year b.c. 1081; 
that the kingdom was divided by the rebellion of Jeroboam I 
in the year b.c. 961, and that the Temple was despoiled by 
Shishak in 956. The year 911 was the initial year of the 

( 61 ). 


.c. 5000 

.c. 4777 
.c. 2852 


i.c. 1907 


i. c. 1477 

j. c. 1081 

i.c. 961 


b.c. 956 



62 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


b.c. 911 Assyrian Eponym Tablets, an exceeding valuable collection of 
chronological material that spans a period of 200 years. 
b.c. 915 A revolution occurred in the year 915 which terminated the 
dynasty of Jeroboam and placed Omri on the throne of Israel. 
This man was a remarkable military genius, whom the Assy¬ 
rians justly regarded as the founder of an empire. He attained 

by “his might that he shewed” the position of Captain of the host of 
Israel, and when he became king, “bought the hill of Samaria of Shemer 
for 2 talents of silver and built on the hill, and called the name of the city 
.... Samaria.”—I Kin. 16, 27, 24. 

Tirzah then ceased to be the capital, and for nearly 200 years 
Samaria was the seat of royalty. So forceful was Omri that 
Assyrian inscriptions during 180 years continued to call the 
land of Israel—Beth Omri—or “land of Omri.” His victories 
find mention in the Moabite Stone, in which Mesha, king of 
Moab, boasts of his successful campaigns. As this inscription 
contains also an interesting chronological note, I quote the first 
nine lines here, in the translation of Professor Robert W. Rogers, 
Author of “History of Babylonia and Assyria.” The whole 
inscription contains 34 lines. (See page 29a.) 

“I am Mesha son of Chemosh . . . king of Moab, the Dibonite. My 
father was king over Moab 30 years, and I became king after my father. 
And I made this high place for Chemosh in Karchoh, in [gratitude for] 
deliverance, because he saved me from all the . . . and because he made 
me see my desire upon all them that hated me.” 

“ Omri was king over Israel and he afflicted Moab many days, because 
Chemosh was angry with his land. And his son [Ahab] succeeded him; 
and he too said, ‘I will afflict Moab.’ In my days he said . . . and I 
saw my desire upon him and upon his house and Israel perished forever.” 

“And Omri took possession of the land of Medeba; and he dwelt in it, 
his days and half his sons days, 40 years; but Chemosh restored it in my 
days.” 

We learn from this that Ahab not only held what his father 
captured with a firm grip, but that he was feared by the Moab¬ 
ites; and not until Jehu slew Ahab’s son Joram, and thus put 
an end to the dynasty of Omri, was Mesha able to recapture 


TESTIMONY OF THE MONUMENTS 


63 


their lost territory. The dynasty of Omri lasted 40 years 
exactly, as stated by the inscription. 

Omri, the founder* reigned alone.6 years 

Ahab, his valiant son, reigned.21 “ 

Ahaziah reigned by himself.1 “ 

Ahaziah was crippled and his son became regent . 6 “ 

Joram afterwards was king for.6 “ 

Total.40 years 

The army of Israel had so much better opportunities for 
military training during the long reign of Ahab, than they had 
during the short reign of Omri, that we are not surprised to 
find the country called the “Land of Omri” and the troops 
the “Men of Ahab.” Certainly, this was the custom in Assyria, 
for the inscription on the obelisk of the victorious Shalmaneser 
II speaks of “10,000 Men of Ahab the Israelite,” who joined 
the Hamath Confederacy at the battle of Karkar, in b.c. 854, 
where 20,000 were left dead on the field. Since that expedition 
pushed on as far as the river Orontes and turned back at a 
point nearly 200 miles north of Samaria, it is evident that 
Shalmaneser had very meagre opportunities for acquainting 
himself with the history of the kings of Israel. In fact, he does 
not pretend to have met Ahab personally, but simply a detach¬ 
ment of troops whom rumor said were “Men of Ahab.” This 
shows the truthfulness of his narrative, for to have met Ahab 
would have been an impossibility, since Ahab, the contemporary 
of Shalmaneser’s father, had died several years before. 

There is still another record which shows how ignorant 
Shalmaneser was regarding the kings of Israel. During a 
later expedition, undertaken 12 years after the battle of Karkar, 
Shalmaneser went close to Samaria and exacted a tribute of 
silver, gold, and lead, which he received direct from Jehu. 
After this experience there certainly was no excuse for a mis¬ 
take, and yet, with every opportunity to learn that Jehu was in 
no way related to Omri, but on the contrary had proved himself 
the deadly enemy of the House of Omri, Shalmaneser innocently 


t.c. 854 










64 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


declares that the tribute he received was paid by “Jehu the 
son of Omri.” Since Shalmaneser’s inscriptions were engraved 
in the interest of Assyrian history and not for that of Israel, we 
consider it very remarkable that what they do give of the latter 
accords so well with the Bible narrative. We learn therefore 
from Bible Chronology that the 6th year of Shalmaneser II 
was the 15th year of Jehu and that the 18th year of Shalmaneser 
was the 27th year of Jehu’s reign. 

b.c. 806 Both the Old and the New Testament bear witness to the 
fact that the City of Nineveh repented as a result of preaching 
by the Prophet Jonah during the reign of Jeroboam II. 

The Monuments show that a great religious movement took 
place in those days, which resulted in a change from the worship 
of many gods to only one god whom they called Nebo. Prof. 
Winckler, of Berlin, quotes in part from an inscription, not an 
anonymous carving, but one signed by a certain officer of the 
crown, in which the “essential” truth was:— 

“Put thy trust in Nebo; trust not in another god.” 

Said dignitary held office in b.c. 798, and one of his official 
seals has recently been discovered. Prof. Winckler declares 
that this Reformation was as decided as that of Luther, and 
happened during the reign of Adad-nirari III. This monarch 
made three expeditions against the Nairi-Lands. He marched 
against Arpad and Azaz in b.c. 806. Later expeditions were 
made against Syria, Phoenicia, Philistia and Edom. 

b.c. 786 The question is sometimes asked, when did “the Earthquake 
in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah,” take place? — Bible 
Chronology regards that phenomena as having been an expres¬ 
sion of Divine displeasure, very much like “the thunder and 
rain” in wheat harvest, when Saul was made king; in fact, 
a premonition of approaching calamity, which finally culminated 
in the captivity of Israel. As such, its true location is found in 
the year b.c. 786, precisely 65 years prior to b.c. 721, when 
Sargon captured Samaria and carried away thousands to the 
land of the Medes. Isaiah 7, 8. 


TESTIMONY OF THE MONUMENTS 


65 


Menahem, the usurper, occupied the throne of Israel from b.c. 771 
B.c. 771 to 761. Fearing an uprising of the people he sought 
the aid of and paid tribute to Ashur-dan III, king of Assyria. 

This king made several predatory expeditions into the land of 
Canaan and made its inhabitants tributary to his kingdom. 

In his treaties or negotiations he was represented by a military 
chieftain named Pula or Pul (11 Kin. 15, 19 —1 Chron. 5, 26), 
whom the Bible by anticipation calls King of Assyria. This 
same Pul finally ascended the throne in b.c. 745 and reigned 
18 years. His conquest of Babylon in 731 added another crown 
to his royal honors. In Assyria he was known by the name of 
Tiglath-pileser, but in Babylon he retained his original title 
of Pul,—in Persian Por,—in Greek Poros. The Canon of 
Ptolemy tells us that Poros and Chinzeros jointly occupied the 
throne of Babylon for 5 years—731 to 726. Prof. Schrader 
and Dr. T. G. Pinches have fully demonstrated that Pul and 
Tiglath-pileser were one and the same person. 

Several notable years now present themselves for record. B .c. 776 
The first Olympic game was celebrated in b.c. 776, the 34th 
year of Jeroboam II—from it, date the Greek olympiads. 

The City of Rome was founded April 21st, b.c. 753, which B .c. 753 
year was the 6th of Pekah. 

The era Nabonassar began with the year b.c. 747, the 12th b.c. 747 
year of Pekah. It forms the initial date of the Canon of Ptolemy. 

Prof. A. H. Sayce, LL.D., of world-wide reputation, says b.c. 743 
that from the days of David to those of Jeroboam II (11 Kin. 

14, 28) the country of Hamath was allied to Judah, that it then 
became the ally of Israel, and finally was won back to Judah 
in the days of Uzziah; this caused Tiglath-pileser to exact tribute 
from Uzziah in b.c. 743. Bible Chronology tells us that 743 
was the last year of Uzziah’s life, also that he died in his 83rd 
year. For the last 14 years of his life, Uzziah was a leper and 
lived in a separate house. IVIeantime Jotham, his son, con¬ 
ducted the government on behalf of his father. 

In 734, the 8th year of Ahaz, Tiglath-pileser marched again b.c. 734 


66 


V 




CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 

into Syria and made Ahaz, king of Judah, his vassal. In 732 
b.c. 732 Damascus was taken and Rezin, the king of Syria, slain 
(n Kin. 16, 9). 

Tiglath-pileser has left an inscription which reads:— 

“Pekah their king they killed, Hoshea as king over them I appointed/' 

Bible Chronology shows that Pekah was slain in b.c. 730, and as 
b.c. 727 Tiglath-pileser died in 727 there is no inconsistency as to dates. 
b.c. 722 At the close of b.c. 722 Samaria was taken, and early in 721 
b.c. 721 Israel was carried captive to Assyria and lodged in Halah, by 
the river Habor, and in the cities of the Medes. Sargon 
describes his victory, according to Prof. Clay, in the following 
words:— 

^Samerina (Samaria) I besieged I captured. 27,290 people dwelling 
in it I carried away. 50 chariots I collected >om them and the rest (of 
the people) I allowed to retain their possessions. My commander-in-chief 
1 placed over them. I settled there the men of the countries conquered 
(by my hand).” 

The Bible record, with varied details, covers exactly the 
same ground where it says:— 

“ And the king of Assyria brought men from Babylon, and from Cuthah, 
and from Ava, and from Hamath, and from Sepharvaim, and placed them 
in the cities of Samaria instead of the children of Israel; and they possessed 
Samaria, and dwelt in the cities thereof.” — n Kin. 17, 24. 

b.c. 701 There is a curious stumbling-block in the life of king Hezekiah, 
whose reign began in b.c. 727, that has tripped many a reader. 
We refer to the statement made ii Kin. 18, 13, Isa. 36, 1. 

“Now in the 14 th year of king Hezekiah did Sennacherib, King of 
Assyria, come up against all the fenced cities of Judah and took them.” 

Hezekiah had what is known in the United States as a Second 
Term of office. After a reign covering 14 years, in which 
Hezekiah: 

** Wrought that which was good and right and truth before the Lord his 
God.” 


TESTIMONY OF THE MONUMENTS 


67 


Hezekiah was told by the prophet Isaiah: 

“Thus saith the Lord, set thine house in order; for thou shalt die and 
not live.” 

God mercifully spared his life and in b.c. 714 gave him a new 
lease, with 15 years to run. However, after his recovery:— 

“Hezekiah rendered not again according to the benefit done unto him; 
for his heart was lifted up; therefore there was wrath upon him, and upon 
Judah and Jerusalem.” 

Reading the history of his life with care it will be observed 
that as the sacred writer glanced backward over the past, he 
applied the word “these” to years near at hand, viz.—the 
Second Term of Hezekiah’s reign, and “those” to the distant 
years, viz.—the First Term of Hezekiah’s reign. Thus in 
ii Kin. 20, 1 —ii Chron. 32, 24—Isaiah 38, 1— 
we read concerning the First Term:— 

“In those days was Hezekiah sick unto death.” 

While concerning the Second Term we read:— 

“After these things and the establishment thereof.” n Chron. 32, 1. 

However, he goes a step farther and states exactly what he 
meant by “these,” saying:— 

“Now in the 14th year of king Hezekiah did Sennacherib, King of Assy¬ 
ria, come up against all the fenced cities of Judah, and took them.” 

From which it appears that Sennacherib arrived in the 
Second Term of Hezekiah and about the year b.c. 700. 

Let us now go to the monuments and see what happened 
about this time. They tell us that in b.c. 701, Sennacherib 
started an expedition, from far off Assyria, with the purpose 
of invading Palestine. Since spring was the time “when kings 
went out to battle,” it would have taken him until July or August 
to reach the most southern point of his journey, provided he 


68 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


was not delayed. He, however, laid siege to Tyre, conquered 
Sidon, Philistia, Edom, Ammon, and Moab before he made his 
approach to Jerusalem, so that evidently the year b. c. 701 
was nearly spent before he met the signal defeat that awaited 
his coming and is recorded in the 19th chapter of ii Kings. 
Thus we see that the records of the monuments agree admirably 
with the records of the Bible. Surely the stumbling-block has 
been removed, for a case of more perfect harmony could scarcely 
be imagined. 


SHALMANESER RECORDS 

OF 

HAZAEL AND JEHU 

The inscriptions on the Shalmaneser monuments, relating 
to Hazael and Jehu, emphasize in a most remarkable manner 
the harmony existing between Bible and Assyrian records and 
show that no real difference has yet been discovered. When¬ 
ever an author outlines a material difference, he simply ac¬ 
knowledges his own ignorance. 

Hazael was king of Syria, and Jehu king of Israel. Hazael 
became the scourge of Israel, during the last days of Jehu and 
“all the days of Jehoahaz”— ii Kin. 10.32 and 13.22. By 
consulting the blue print, facing page 17, we learn that b.c. 
842 and 841 were the last two years of Jehu’s reign, while 
B.c. 840 and 839 were the first two years of Jehoahaz’ reign. 
Only once did Israel have any relief from his oppression. It 
came in answer to the prayer of Jehoahaz, when “the Lord 
gave Israel a saviour (Shalmaneser), so that they went out 
from under the hand of the Syrians, and the children of Israel 
dwelt in their tents as beforetime.”—n Kin. 13.4.5. The follow¬ 
ing table gives a bird’s-eye view of the campaigns undertaken 
by Assyria and Syria during those 4 years: 



SHALMANESER RECORDS 


69 


The inscriptions of Shalmaneser show that he fought Hazael 
and besieged Damascus in B.c. 842, also that Jehu, in the same 
year purchased immunity for his people by paying to Shal¬ 
maneser a heavy tribute in gold, silver, and lead. 


SHALMANESER II, 

King of Assyria. 

Kingdom of 
ISRAEL. 

Y ears 

B.C. 

Kingdom of 
JUDAH. 

HAZAEL, 

King of Syria. 

18tli year of Shalmaneser, in 
which he fought HAZAEL, 
besieged Damascus and took 
1121 chariots, 470 saddle 
horses and camp equip- ► 
ments from Hazael. He 
also levied tribute from 
JEHU. See obelisk and 
annalistic inscription. 

27th year of 
JEHU 

842 

21 st year of 
JOASH 


19th year of Shalmaneser. 

28th year of 
JEHU 

841 

22 d year of 
JOASH 

1 Hazael bought more chariots 
< and horses. As to cost see 
[ x Kin. 10.29. 

20th year of Shalmaneser. 

29th year of 
JEHU 

840 

23d year of 
JOASH 

fHazael conquered Gath, 

| threatened Jerusalem and 

1 took tribute of JOASH.— 
[ n Kin. 12.6.17.18—13.1. 

Shalmaneser marched against 
HAZAEL and took 4 of his ( 
cities. See both Obelisk In¬ 
scription and ii Kin. 13.5. . 

1 st year of 
JEHOAHAZ 

B.C. 

839 

24th year of 
JOASH 

-4 - C 

22d year of Shalmaneser. 

2 d year of 
JEHOAHAZ 

838 

25th year of 
JOASH 



Shalmaneser left no record regarding the years B.c. 841 and 
840, but the Bible says that in b.c. 840 to 839—“23d year of 
Joash” (the last year of Jehu)—“Hazael king of Syria went up 
and fought against Gath, and took it: and Hazael set his face to 
go up to Jerusalem.” When, however, Joash king of Judah sent 
him all the gold of the Temple, Hazael “went away from 
Jerusalem ”—ii Kin. 12.6.18. He had good reason for a hasty 























































70 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY' BIBLE 


return to Damascus. The monuments tell us, that Shalmaneser 
marched against Hazael in b.c. 839 and captured 4 of his cities.* 
Thus in b.c. 839, the eponym of Uras-kib’si-utsur, the Assyrians 
created a diversion in favor of Israel, as mentioned on page 68. 

From which it appears, that THE YEAR B.C. 839 is the 
grand union station of Hebrew chronology and the Assyrian 
Eponym Canon. Toward it the lines of Israelitish and Assyrian 
history converge and in it they find a common point of union. 
It is really very remarkable that this should be true, for the 
least divergence would have destroyed all harmony. The 
Eponym Canon covers, with extreme accuracy, a period of 
some 200 years and it is gratifying to discover, that the Bible 
record can count on so powerful an ally. 

The monumental inscriptions of Assyria thus bear positive 
witness to the accuracy of our Bible Chronology. They lock 
together in such perfect harmony, all the events that transpired 
between Israel’s revolt and captivity, that we may dismiss 
forever the exploded idea of there being any material difference 
between words recorded in the Bible and 

“Words that were graven 
with an iron pen 
and lead in the 
rock forever.” 


* See “Assyria’s First Contact with Israel,” by Prof. Robert W. Rogers, 
Author of “History of Babylonia and Assyria.’ 




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SUJCHINCLOSS CHRONOLOGY OF TM HOLY BIBLE. 


- 


— 













































































































































































































“ 














i 












■■■- j. — 










BIBLE DATES EXPRESSED IN YEARS B.C. 



MISCELLANEOUS DATES. 


The following dates have been worked out on the principles 
laid down in the “Idan Olamim” of Dr. Joseph L. Sossnitz. If 
the reader will transfer them to the margin of his Bible, each 
passage will acquire new interest. For example: “The 9th 
year, 10th month, and 10th day of the mouth”—conveys no 
special meaning to the modern mind, its equivalent, however, 
viz: December 18th, b.c. 589—is clear and to the point. 


REFERENCE 


DATE 

B.C. 


II Kin 

25, 1 . 



18 

589 

it 

25, 3 . 



18 

586 

a 

25, 27 . 



560 

Ezra 

3, 1 . 


. September 

5 

537 

it 

3, 8 . 

♦ 

. April 

28 

536 

it 

6, 15 . 


. February 

19 

515 

it 

7, 9 . 



9 

458 

U 

7, 9 . 



5 

458 

it 

8, 15 . 

. 

. March 

17 

458 

it 

8, 31 . 


. March 

20 

458 

Nehemiah 

1, 1 • 


. November 


446 

“ 

2, 1 . 


. March 


445 

n 

2,11 . 



9 

445 

ll 

5, 14 . 


. March 


433 

It 

6, 15 . 

. 

. September 

2 

445 

it 

7, 73 . 

. 

. September 

7 

445 

It 

8, 13 . 


. September 

8 

445 

ll 

8. 18 . 


. September 

15 

445 

tl 

9, 1 . 


. ' September 

30 

445 

ll 

13, 6 . 

. 

March 


433 


(71) 




















72 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


REFERENCE DATE B.C. 


Esther 

1, 3 . . . 


483 to 482 

it 

2, 16 . . . 



479 

ti 

3, 7 . . . 


24 

473 

it 

3, 7 . . . 

. . . . to February 11 

472 

it 

3, 12 . . . 


25 

472 

it 

3, 13 . . . 

„ . . . February 

25 

471 

it 

8 , 9 . . . 


1 

472 

it 

8, 12 . . . 

. . . . February 

25 

471 

it 

9, 1 • . . 

. . . . February 

25 

471 

a 

9, 15 . . . 

. . . . February 

26 

471 

a 

9, 18 . . . 


27 

471 

Isaiah 

6, 1 . . . 



743 

tt 

7, 8 . . . 


786 

to 721 

a 

14, 28 . . . 



727 


it 

20, 

1 . . . 


708 

it 

36, 

1 . . . 


701 to 700 

a 

38, 

1 . . . 


714 

tt 

39, 

1 . . . 


713 

Jeremiah 

1, 

2 . . . 


627 

tt 

1, 

3 . . . 


586 

it 

24, 

1 . . . 


597 

it 

25, 

1 . . . 


605 to 604 

tt 

25, 

3 '. . . 


627 to 604 

ti 

26, 

1 . . . 


609 to 608 

tt 

28, 

1 . . . 


594 


28, 17.September 594 

29, 10.From 606 to 536 


it 

it 

32, 1 , 

35, 1 . . . 


587 

606 

604 

604 

604 

ti 

36, 1 . . . 


ti 

36, 9 ... , 


it 

36, 22 ... , 


it 

39, 1 . . . 


588 

it 

39, 2 ... . 


586 

ti 

41, 1 ... . 


586 

a 

46, 2 ... , 


604 

a 

49, 34 ... , 


597 






















































MISCELLANEOUS DATES 


*70 


REFERENCE 

Jeremiah 51, 59 

“ 52, 4 

52, 6 
“ 52, 12 

“ 52, 28 

“ 52, 29 

“ 52, 30 

“ 52, 31 

Ezekiel 1, 1 

“ 8 , 1 

“ 20 , 1 

“ 24, 1 

“ 26, 1 

“ 29, 1 

“ 29, 17 

“ 30, 20 

“ 31, 1 

“ 32, 1 

“ 32, 17 

“ 33, 21 

40, 1 
Daniel 1, 1 

‘V 2, 1 

“ 5, 1 

“ 7, 1 

“ 8 , 1 

“ 9, 1 

“ 10 , 1 

“ 10, 4 

“ 11 , 1 

Amos 1, 1 

LLaggai 1, 1 

“ 1, IS 

“ ' 2, 1 

“ 2 , 10 

Zechariah 1, 1 

“ 1, 7 


DATE B.C. 

- 593 

December 18 58^ 

June 18 586 

July 18 586 

Spring 597 

Summer 587 

Summer 582 

Nergal-sar-user 560 
June 21 592 

August 8 591 

August 1 590 

December 18 589 

March 21 586 

January 7 587 

March 16 570 

March 13 586 

May 11 586 

February 2 585 

February 17 585 

December 10 586 

March 9 572 

- 606 

- 603 

-— 538 

- 541 

- 538 

- 538 

- 536 

March 31 to April 21 

- 538 

- 788 

August 27 520 

October 17 520 

November 10 520 

December 17 520 

October 25 520 

February 25 519 


















74 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


REFERENCE DATES 


Zechariah 

7, 1 

• 




. 

November 3 b.c. 

518 

U 

14, 5 

. , 




. 


ft 

786 

Matthew 

2, 1 






September “ 

2 

if 

24, 20 






Taken Sep. 3 a.d. 

70 

ii 

27, 1 






April 3 a.d. 

33 

Luke 

2, 42 






Passover 

ft 

11 

ii 

3, 1 






Spring 

ft 

29 

ii 

3, 23 






Fall 

ii 

29 

a 

24, 1 






April 5 

“ 

33 

a 

24, 50 






May 15 

ii 

33 

John 

2, 20 






b.c. 18 to 

if 

29 

Acts 

2, 1 






May 24 

if 

33 

a 

9, 2 







ii 

40 

a 

9, 27 






— 

ii 

43 

a 

10, 9 






June 

ii 

39 

ii 

12, 1 







ii 

44 

a 

13, 20 






350 years 



a 

15, 1 






Council 

ii 

50 

41 

21, 17 







ii 

58 

u 

28, 14 







ii 

60 

a 

28, 30 







a 

62 

ii Cor. 

12, 2 







a 

43 

Galatians 

1, 18 






a.d 40 to 43 

a 

2, 9 

Agreed to separate 


“West” and “East’ 

’54 

Romans 

15, 19 

S. Paul in the West 


. 

. 54 to 67 

i Peter 

5, 13—1, 1, 

S. Peter 

in 

the East . 

. 54 to 62 




ROMAN EMPERORS 

Augustus Caesar. 

Tiberius Caesar. 

Caligula. 

Claudius. 

Nero. 


B.C. 31 to A.D. 14 
a.d. 14 to “ 37 
“ 37 “ “ 41 
“ 41 “ “ 54 
“ 54 “ “ 68 



























CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 



NAMES, EVENTS AND DATES. 


Aaron —The first Highpriest of Israel . . b.c. 

Parents. Amram and Jochebed. Born b.c. 

1561. Brother of Miriam and Moses. 
Before Pharaoh when ... 83 years old. 
Exodus occurred when ... 84 years old. 
Departure from Sinai when . 85 years old. 
Final encampment Kadesh when 86 years old. 
Died b.c. 1438, when . . .123 years old. 

Abdon —The Judge. 

Abel —Slain by Cain.about 

Abiathar —In ii Sam. 8, 17; i Chron. 24, 6; 
i Chron. 18, 16. The text should read; 
“Abiathar the son of Ahimelech.” 

Abijah or Abijam —King of Judah .... 

Abimelech —The Judge. 

Abraham —Son of Terah was born .... 
The Promise made to Abraham . 
Left Ur of the Chaldees .... 
Ishmael his son was born .... 
Isaac “ “ “ “ .... 

Abraham died. 

Aged 175 years. 

Absalom —Born 1038—Died 1008—age 30. 
Absalom’s Rebellion . . .' . . • about 

A chan —The son of Carmi and great-grandson of 

Zerah. Josh. 7, 18. 

Adad-nirari III—King of Assyria ..... 
Adam’s history began in 5300, Adam died in 4370, 
aged 930 years. 

Agag—K ing of the Amalekites 

Defeated by Saul in. 


Public Service. 

1477 to 1438 


1208 to 1200 
5072 


943 to 941 
1298 to 1295 
1982 
1907 
1907 
1896 
1882 
1807 


1008 

1437 

812 to 783 


1048 


(77) 








78 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Public Service. 


Agrippa—T he king, Born b.c. 10, Died in a.d. 44 
(Acts 12,23). Succeeded Philip, the Tetrarch 
in a.d. 37, and reigned till a.d. 44. 

Agrippa Jr.—B orn a.d. 27—See Acts 25,13. a.d. 

Ahab—T he king, reigned in Israel . . . .b.c. 

Ahasuerus—T he Hebrews often called the kings 
of Media and Persia by the general title 
Ahasuerus , or Assuerus, just as the kings of 
Egypt were called Pharoah. For example: 
Darius the Mede, Ezra 4, 6 . . . . 

Cyaxares I—Dan. 9, 1 ..... . 

Xerxes—Esther 1, 1 . 

Ahaz—R eigned in Judah. 

Born 771—Died 727—age 44. 

Paid tribute to Assyria in . . . 

Ahaziah, or Azariah, King of Judah, Born 892, 
Died 871, age 23. 

Reigned 1 year. 

Ahaziah of Israel, King from. 

Reigned 1 year—882. Fell through a lattice 
and died 874. 

Ahiah or Ahimelech. i Sam. 14, 3, 18, . about 

Ahijah—P rophet at Shiloh in time of Jeroboam I 

Ahimelech— i Chron. 24, 3, 31. Read; Abiathar 
instead of Ahimelech—Ahimelech the father 
of Abiathar was put to death by Saul, 
i Sam. 22, 16, 18.about 

Alexander and Aristobulus—S ons of Herod 
the Great—Slain b.c. 4. 

Alexander Janneus—K ing of the Jews . 

Altar at Bethel—E rected 961 by Jeroboam I 

Destroyed 622 “ Josiah 
Interval 339 years. 

Amalekites—D escendants of Esau, who settled 
the Southern portion of Canaan. 

Amaziah—K ing of Judah, Born 849, Died 795, 
age 54— [No interregnum]. 

Reigned actively. 

“ passively. 

Ammonites—D escendants of Lot, who settled 
East of the Dead Sea. 


52 to 70 
903 to 882 


538 to 536 
633 to 593 
485 to 465 
742 to 727 

734 


870 

882 to 874 


1080 to 1045 
960 to 945 


1045 


103 to 76 
i Kin. 13,2. 


824 to 810 
810 to 795 










CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 

Amon—K ing of Judah, Born 664, Died 640, age 24. 

Reigned two years. 

Amorites—D escendants of Ham, who settled in 
Canaan. 

Amos—T he prophet during Uzziah’s reign . 
Amram—F ather of Moses, Born about 1615, 
Died 1478, aged 137. 

Amraphel—G en. xiv.—King of Shinar. The 
same person as Hammurabi, king of Babylon, 
the 6th king of the first dynasty. 
Antiochus-epiphanes—K ing of Syria 
Antigonus—L ast of the Asmonean kings b.c. 
Antipater—S on of Herod. Slain . . . b.c. 

Archelatjs—R eigned in Judah . . . b.c. 

Banished to “Vienna” (near Lyons, France) . 
Ark of the Covenant—A t Shiloh for 311 years . 

Seven months in Philistia. 

In house of Abinadab at Kirjath-jearim for 

86 years. 

In house of Obed-edom three months 

In City of David 43 years. 

Arphaxad—B orn 3032—Died 2594—age 438. 
Artaxerxes—E zra 4, 7,-6,14. Same as Cambyses 
Artaxerxes Longimanus—K ing of Persia . 

7th year of his reign .... October 
20th “ “ “ October 

32nd “ “ October 

Asa—K ing of Judah. Reigned 42 years. . . 

Made a Covenant in 927. 

Was diseased from. 

Asaph^—T he musician and composer .... 

Ashdod—T aken. See Isaiah 20, 1. 

Ashur-bani-pal (“Asnapper”)—King of Assyria 

Ashur-dan III—King of Assyria. 

His Army led by Pul, who was afterward 
king—see page 65. 

Asmonean Dynasty—L asted for 126 years b.c.. 
No Asmonean highpriest for 7 years . 

The supplanter Alcimus, or Jacimus . . 

Asnapper (Ashur-bani-pal)—King of Assyria 
Assyrian Eponym Canon, agrees with Bible . . 


79 

Public Service. 

642 to 640 


788 to 772 


175 to 164 
41 to 37 

1 

1 to A.D. 9 
A.D. 9 
1431 to 1120 
1120 

1120 to 1034 
1034 

1034 to 991 

529 to 522 
465 to 425 
459 to 458 
446 to 445 
434 to 433 
941 to 899 

903 to 899 
1033 to 980 
708 

668 to 625 
773 to 764 


163 to 37 
160 to 153 
162 to 159 
668 to 625 
911 to 700 





80 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Public Service. 

Astyages —King of Media—Son of Cyaxares I 593 to 558 
Cyaxares I was the Ahasuerus of Dan 9, 1— 

The Assuerus of Tobit 14, 15. 

Athaliah— Queen of Judah. 869 to 863 

Bom about 910, Died 864. Granddaughter 
Omri; daughter of Ahab; and wife of Jehoram. 

A. U. C.—Roman years;— 

752= b.c. 2; 782=a.d. 29; 786=a.d. 33. 

Augustus Caesar —Began to reign alone, after 


the battle of Actium, September 3, b.c. 31. 

Died August 29, a.d. 14. Tiberius Caesar 
immediately declared Emperor. 

Azariah— The prophet during Asa’s reign, about' 932 
Azariah or Ahaziah— King of Judah 1 year . . 870 

Azariah or Uzziah— King of Judah 53 years . 810 to 757 

Azariah II — Chief Priest, during reigns of Jotham 

and Hezekiah. 744 to 715 


Baasha —King of Israel. 

Reigned 23 years.—See Dynasty. 

Babel —Confusion of Tongues. 

Babylon —Taken by Sennacherib. 

Taken by Cyrus. 

Babylonian —Captivity of Princes, 70 years . 

Captivity of people, 50 years . 
Balaam —Son of Beor. A brilliant but perverse 
and stubborn prophet who was slain by Israel 
in their battle with the Midianites 
Balak— King of Moab and son of Zippor, who 
sent for Balaam to curse Israel. Num. 22, 6 

Barak —Captain of the Host. 

Bashemath— Gen. 36, 3, 10, 17, read Mahalath 
as given in Gen. 28, 9. 

Battle of Actium— September 2, b.c. 31. 

Battle of Aphek —Ahab and Ben-hadad. . . 

Battle of Aphek or Ebenezer. 

Ark of the Covenant taken by the Philistines. 
Battle of Bethcar— Israel and the Philistines . 
Battle of Bethshemesh —Amaziah defeated . 

Battle of Carchemish. 

Battle of Gilboa— Saul and the Philistines 


938 to 915 

2633 

691 

538 

606 to 536 
586 to 536 


1438 

1438 

1313 to 1309 


886 

1121 

1101 

810 

605 

1042 







CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 


81 


Battle of Hormah— Defeat of Israel .... 
Battle of Hormah— Victory of Israel 
Battle of Karkar— Shalmaneser II ... 

Battle of Mishmash— Philistines defeated . 

Battle Ramoth-gilead— Ahab defeated . 

Belshazzar —Reigned with his father Nabonidus 

Ben-hadad I—Allied with Asa,. 

Ben-hadad II—Reigned. 

Ben-hadad III — Succeeded Hazael .... 

Beor —Father of Bela, king of Edom—Gen. 36.32; 
also of Balaam, the Soothsayer—Num. 22.5. 

Bela and Balaam were probably own brothers. 
Bela resisted Israel by arms—Num. 20, 20. 
Balaam “ “ “ evil counsel—Num. 31, 

15, 16. 

Boaz —Descendant of Salmon [10th generation] 

and husband of Ruth. Bom about . . . 1190 

Book of the Law —Taught in Judah .... 897 

Found by Hilkiah . . . 622 

Brazen Serpent — Cast and mounted 1438 
Raised at Punon 

September 1438 
Broken by Hezekiah 726 
Lasted 712 years 


Public Service. 

1475 

1438 

854 

1049 

882 

541 to 538 
916 

890 to 871 
825 


Cainan —Son of Enos, Born 4676, Died 3766, 
aged 910. 

Caleb —Son of Jephunneh, Born. 

40 years old in. 

85 years old in. 

Call to Abraham, when 75 years old . . . 

Cambyses —Son of Cyrus and king of Persia . . 

Called Artaxerxes in Ezra. 4, 7 ;-6, 14. 
Canaanites —Descendants of Ham, who settled 
in Palestine. 

Captivities —See Servitudes. 

Captivity —In Babylon ended, Judah returned 

Captivity of Jehoiachin . 

Captivity, End of —To Zerubbabel. 

A delay of 16 years .... 
Carthaginians —Defeated at Zama . . b.c. 


1516 

1476 

1431 

1907 

529 to 522 


536 

597 to 560 

536 to 520 
202 







82 CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 

Christian Era —Correct date . . . Fall b.c. 

Jewish year a.m. 3760 began August 30 b.c. 

Feast of Tabernacles, September 13 to 21 b.c. 

Confusion of Tongues at Babel. 

Coniah or Jeconiah, or Jeconias or 

Jehoiachin —King of Judah, 3 months 
Cyaxares I—King of Media, Father of Astyages, 
Grandfather of Mandane and Cyaxares II. 

See Herodotus Book 1, 74, 106—Tobit 14, 15. 
“ Zenophon “ 1, 5—Dan. 9, 1. 

“ Josephus Antq. x, 11, 4. 

Cyaxares II—Son of Astyages and uncle of 
Cyrus, otherwise known as Darius the Mede, 
Cyrenius —Roman governor of Judea . . a.d. 

Cyrus —Son of Mandane and Cambyses— 

King of Persia. 

King of Babylon. 

Isaiah prophesied about him in .... 
Prophecy fulfilled in 200 years .... 
Cyrus and Darius the Mede—Ezra 4, 5,6—6,14 

Damascus fell, Rezin slain. 

Dan —This tribe worshipped idols . . . . ■. 

Interval 660 years—Taken captive by Sargon. 
Book of Revelation omits tribe of Dan. 
Daniel —“The prophet”—Matt. 24, 15. 


Taken captive 

. . 606 

Nebuchadnezzar's dream 

. . 603 

Fiery furnace 

. . 593 

Belshazzar's feast 

. . 538 

Lions' den .... 

. . 537 

Angel Gabriel’s message. 

. . 536 


Daniel and Princes taken to Babylon . 
Darius —Among the Persians, was a general title 
for king. 

1— Darius the Mede—Dan. 11,1. 

2— Darius the Persian, son of Hystaspes . 

3— Darius Nothus .. 

4— Darius Codomanus. 

Darius the Mede— King of the Chaldeans, was 

son of Astyages, and Uncle of Cyrus. Born 
b.c. 600. Reigned in Babylon .... 


Public Service. 
2 
2 
2 

2633 

597 

633 to 593 


538 to 536 
6 to 10 

558 to 529 
538 to 529 
736 
536 

538 to 536 
732 

1381 to 721 
721 


606 


538 to 536 
521 *to 485 
425 to 396 
337 to 333 


538 to 536 








CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 83 

Public Service. 

David—S on of Jesse. King of Judah. Born 1071, 

Died 1001, aged 70. 

Reigned as king in Hebron . . . '. . 1041 to 1034 

Reigned as king in Jerusalem. 1034 to 1001 

Anxious to build Temple .... about 1028 
Seven sons of Saul slain .... about 1018 
Death of Herod—J anuary b.g. 1. Aged almost 

70 years. 56 to 1 

Deborah—T he judge and prophetess .... 1313 to 1309 

Descent into Egypt—J acob and family . . . 1692 

Divided Canaan among the tribes of Israel . . 1431 

Divine Aid Refused—E zek. 20, 3 . . . ' . 590 

Dynasty—O f Jeroboam I.961 to 938 

“ Baasha. 938 to 914 

“ Omri. 909 to 869 

“ Jehu. 869 to 771 

“ Menahem.771 to 759 


Earthquake —In days of Uzziah—Isaiah 7, 8 . 786 

65 years before the Captivity of Israel. 

Eber —Father of the Hebrews. Born 2767— 

Died 2303—aged 464. 

Eclipse of the Bun .809 

Eclipse of the Sun —June 15.763 

See Eponym Tablets, also Amos* 8, 9. 763 


Eclipse of Sun —Peace between Lydians and Medes 603 
Marriage of Astyages to Aryenis. 603 
Edom— A country first inhabited by the Horites 
and then by Esau and his descendants. 

Governed by .Dukes prior to b.c. 1476; 

Exod. 15, 15; Gen. 36, 40. 


Governed by Kings on and after 1438; 

Num. 20, 14. 

Edom submitted to David about 1030; 
i Chron. 18, 13. 

Egypt to Canaan —Israel travelled 1100 miles . 1477 to 1437 

Ehud —The judge.1341 to 1334 

Elah —King of Israel, reigned 1 year .... 915 

Elders —“No king in Israel,” Judg. chap. 17 to 21 1391 to 1371 

Eleazar— Son of Aaron, Highpriest for probably 

30 years.1438 to 1408 

Eli— Born 1218—Died 1120—aged 98. Judged Israel 1160 to 1120 














84 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Eliakim or Jehoiakim —King of Judah 

Elijah —The Tishbite. 

At Horeb. 

Threatened Jehoram .... 

Translated. 

Elisha —Became prophet in . 

The Shunammite hospitality . 


872 


Public Service 

608 to 597 
892 to 
888 
873 
872 
888 
887 


Raised boy to life.879 


879 to 

871 

825 


872 


Prophesied famine 

Naaman captain of Assyria .... 

Died. 

Elon —The judge ..1218 to 1208 

Enoch —Born 4179—Translated 3814—aged 365. 

Enos —Born 4866—Died 3961—aged 905. 

Enrollment —Made by order of Augustus Caesar in b.c. 2 
Taxes collected a.d. 9. 

In David’s day it took ten months to make a 
census. Caesar’s enrollment dealt with vastly 
greater numbers and took a longer time. 

Eponym Canon —Of Assyria and Bible agree . 

Era Nabonassar —Babylonian chronology . 

Esarhaddon —King of Assyria. 

Esau —Born 1822, Died later than 1702. 

Married both Judith and Bashemath . 

Esther —Made queen of Persia—see Xerxes 
Cast Pur.March 24 


911 to 
747 
680 to 


700 


668 


Decree for slaughter . . March 25 

Counter decree . . . June 1 

The Jews had revenge . Feb. 25-26 

Purim.Feb. 27 

Evil-Merodach— King of Babylon. [See Nergal.] 
Exodus —Children of Israel left Egypt .... 

From Exodus to the Temple 480 years 
Ezekiel— A Prophet at time of the Captivity . 
Ezekiel’s —“Siege of Jerusalem.” Ezek. 4tb chap. 


1782 
479 
473 
472 
472 
471 
471 
562 to 
1477 
1477 to 
592 to 


560 

997 

570 


Fifth year of the captivity.” Ezek. i, 


b.c. 592 


f “390 days and 40 days.” Ezek. 4, i to 8. 

\ Prophetic expression for. 430 yrs. 

Pointing to first year of Asmonean Dynasty b.c. 162 


Ezra— The scribe. Ezra vii chap. 

Jews left Babylon .... March 9 


458 
















CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 


Congregated by the river 
Started for Jerusalem . 
Arrived in Jerusalem . 

A 3§ months’ journey. 


Public Service. 

March 17 458 

“ 20 458 

July 5 458 


Famine— In Egypt, Joseph governor of the land . 1694 to 1687 

In Palestine 2 years .... b.c. 24 and 23 

In Samaria, 7 years. 879 to 872 

Feast of Lights— Time of the Maccabees Nov. 25 b.c. 165 
Feast of Purim— See Esther also Lunar Eclipse 
Fifteenth Year of Tiberius Caesar, began Aug. 

19 a.d. 28, ended Aug. 19, a.d. 29. 

Flood— Lasted one year, Noah and family saved 3045 
"Fourth Generation” from Jacob (Gen. 15,16). ) 

1st Levi, 2 Kohath, 3 Amram, 4 Moses. J 
400 Years —From time Isaac was 5 years old . . 1877 


To the Exodus in.1477 

"Fourth Generation of Jehu—nKin. 10,30 . 840 to 771 

1st Jehoahaz, 2 Joash, 3 Jeroboam II, 4 Zacha- 
riah. See Dynasty. 

Gad —David’s seer.1041 to 1001 

Gedeliah —Made Governor of Judah .... 585 

Gehazi —Servant of Elisha. 886 to 872 

Genealogies —Prepared for Jotham. 

i Chron. 5, 17 . . . . about 754 

Genealogies —Prepared in the days of 

Jeroboam II.about 790 

Gideon —The judge. 1302 to 1298 


Girgashites —Descendants of Ham who settled 
in Canaan. _ 

Gobryas —Governor of Gutium, commander of 
Cyrus’ army, and temporary governor of 
Babylon before Darius the Mede became 


king in.538 

Golden Calf —In Bethel and in Dan ... 961 

Altar destroyed.622 

Prophecy fulfilled in 339 years. 


Grandfather —Called Father in the Bible— 
Dan. 5, 2, 11. 

Grandson —Called Son in the Bible— ii Sam. 19, 
24—i Kin. 19,16—n Chron. 22, 9—Ezra 5, 1 
—Dan. 9, 1. 









86 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Public Service. 

Granddaughter— Called Daughter in the Bible— 
ii Chron. 22, 2. 


Greatgrandson —In the Bible called Son. 
Joshua 22, 20—Heb. 7, 10. 


Great Passover—O f Josiah . . 

622 


Great Synagogue—P repared the Hebrew text 
of the Old Testament. b.c. 

327 


Habakkuk—T he prophet, about. 

615 


Haggai—P rophet in time of Zerubbabel . 

520 


Hammurabi—K ing of Babylon; see Amraphel. 
Hanani—T he seer reproved Asa. 

916 


Hannah—M other of Samuel the prophet ., . 

1146 


Hazael—S uccessor to Ben-hadad II ... 

871 


Oppressed during Jehoahaz’s reign 

840 to 

826 

Died. 

826 


Heber—T he Kenite. Born about 1400 . 

1313 


Hebrew Kingdom Divided—B y Rehoboam and 
Jeroboam I. 

961 


Herod, The Great—B orn b.c. 71, Died b.c. 1, 
aged almost 70. 

Reigned from b.c. 37 to b.c. 1.—36 yrs. 

Made Governor of Galilee .... b.c. 

56 


Made king by Romans. b.c. 

40 


Conquered Antigonus. b.c. 

37 


Hezekiah—K ing of Judah, Born 752, Died 698, 
aged 54. 

Reigned in Jerusalem. 

727 to- 

698 

Hezekiah’s Sickness-—b.c. 714. 

Second term of Office .... 

713 to 

698 

Hobab—S on of Jethro and brother-in-law of Moses 

1477 


Hosea—T he prophet, about. 

775 to 

726 

Hoshea—K ing of Israel. 

730 to 

721 

Paid tribute to Shalmaneser IV ... 

727 


Huldah—T he prophetess ....... 

622 


Hyrcanus I—Highpriest and Governor . 

135 to 

104 

Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus—R eigned over 



the Jews i + If + 2 years . . . b.c. 

67 to 

63 

Hyrcanus II—Ethnarch at Jerusalem . . b.c. 

65 to 

41 






CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 


Ibzan—T he judge .. 

Iddo—P rophet during reign of Rehoboam 
Independence Day—A ppointed by 

Simon Maccabeus May 4 . . . . b.c. 

Memorial Tablet commemorative of same 
placed on Mount Sion September 12 b.c. 
Indignation—I nterval 70 years. 

Intercourse { ^ efused ; 20, 3.-Aug. 1st 
\ Revived Zech. 1, 1.—Oct. 25th 
Isaac—S on of Abraham. Born 1882—Married 
Rebekah 1842—Died 1702—aged 180. 

Was 5 years old in. b.c. 

The Exodus was 400 years later (Gen. 15, 13). 
Isaiah—T he prophet lived probably 95 years. 

Prophesied and wrote for 64 years. 
Ish-bosheth— 2d Son of Saul, and king of Israel . 

Born 1081—Died 1034—aged 47. 

Ishmael—S on of Abraham. Born 1896—Died 
1759—aged 137. 

Israel—W ithout a ruler, last 5 chapters in Judges 
Israel’s—C aptivity under Sargon began in . 
Israel and Judah—S eparate kingdoms for 240 
years. Jos. Antq. 9, 14, 1. 

Jacob—T he patriarch. Born 1822—Died 1675 
—aged 147. 

Entered Laban’s service when yo years old. 

Served Laban 7 years. 

Married both Leah and Rachel .... 
Left Laban after 20 years’ service . 

Went into Egypt. 

Jael—W ife of Heber the Kenite. 

Jahaziel—T he Levite, became a prophet 

Jair—T he Judge. 

Jared—B om 4341—Died 3379—aged 962. 
Jebusites—D escendants of Ham and builders of 
Jerusalem. 

Jehoahaz—K ing of Judah. Born 632, Reigned 
3 mos. in 608. Called Shallum. Jer. 22, 11. 
Jehoahaz—K ing of Israel. Reigned .... 
Hazael oppressed Israel during his reign. 


87 

Public Service. 

1225 to 1218 
945 

141 

140 

590 to 520 

590 

520 


1877 


744 to 680 
1041 to 1034 


1391 to 1371 
721 

961 to 721 


n 82, 
/T7S~ 

1692 

1313 

878 

1272 to 1250 


840 to 826 










88 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Public Service, 

Jehoahaz— ii Chron. 25, 23.—Should read: 

“And Joash the king of Israel, the son of Jeho¬ 
ahaz, took Amaziah king of Judah, the son 
of Joash.”—For Jehoahaz read Ahaziah.—n Chron. 21 . 17 . 

Jehoash —See Joash—Kings of Judah and Israel. 

Jehoiachin —Called also (Coniah, Jechonias, 

Jeconiah), Born 615. 

Reigned at Jerusalem 3 months in 597. 

Prisoner in Babylon until 560. Died about 
b.c. 556, aged 59 years. 

Jehoiada —The prophet. Born about 960, Died 
about 830, age 130. 

He trained Joash, the King of Judah. 

Jehoiakim —Born 633—Died 597—aged 36. 

Called also Eliakim. He reigned in Judah . 608 to 597 

Jehonadab or Jonadab —Son of Rechab the Kenite 869 

Family of Rechabites, obedient in . 597 

Example of Jehonadab influential for 272 yrs. 

“Jonadab, shall not want a man to stand 
before me forever.” Jer. 35, 19. 

N. B.—Rechabites were found in ChinaA.D. 1160. 

“ “ “ “ Arabia “ 1828. 


Jehoram —Born 914—Died 870—aged 44. 

Regent 2 years. 

Total reign over Judah 6 years .... 876 to 870 

Jehoshaphat —Born 934—Died 874—aged 60. 

Reigned over Judah. 899 to 876 

Built ships at Ezion-gaber.883 

Jehozadak or Josedech —Highpriest, taken captive 586 

Jehu —Son of Hanani. 920 to 876 

Reproved Baasha.917 

Reproved Jehoshaphat in.882 

Wrote the life of Jehoshaphat in ... 876 

Jehu —The king, Reigned over Israel—See 

Dynasty. 869 to 840 

Jephthah— The judge.1231 to 1225 

Jeremiah —Prophet of Judah. 627 to 580 

Prophesied and wrote for 47 years. 

Jeroboam I—King of Israel.961 to 939 

Reigned 22 years—See Dynasty. 

Jeroboam II—King of Israel—[No interregnum] . 810 to 772 






CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 89 

Public Service. 

Jerusalem —Taken from Jebusites .... 1034 

Jerusalem —Burnt by Nebuchadnezzar . . . 586 

Jerusalem —Taken by Pompey, May 24, b.c. 63 
Jerusalem —Captured by Herod and Sosius 

Spring of. b.c. 37 

Jesse —Father of David, born about . . . . 1110 

Jethro or Raguel —The Kenite, Father-in-law 

of Moses, called also Reuel.1477 

Jezebel —Wife of Ahab, daughter of king of Zidon 903 to 883 

Joash or Jehoash —King of Judah reigned . . 863 to 824 

Born 870—Died 824—aged 46. 

Ordered Temple repaired.850 

Various delays until.840 

Jehoiada completed the work. 

Joash or Jehoash —King of Israel reigned . . 826 to 810 

Defeated Amaziah at Bethshemesh. . . . 810 


In ii Chron. 25, 23 read, “the son of Jehoahaz.” 
Job —The Syriac Bible says Job lived 240 years. 
His home was near ancient Babylon—Land 
of Uz—named for Uz, the great-grandson of 


Noah .b.c. 2700 to 2500 

Joel —The prophet, about.800 

John Hyrcanus —Highpriest of the Jews . b.c. 135 to 104 

Jonah —The prophet started a great Reformation 

in Assyria about.808 

Jonathan —Eldest son of Saul. Born 1083, Died 
1041, age 42. 

Jonathan Maccabeus —Highpriest of the Jews b.c. 153 to 143 

Joram or Jehoram —King of Israel .... 881 to 869 

Fought Hazael.870 

Regent.881 to 875 

Jordan —Crossed by Israel, March 21 . . . . 1437 

Joseph— Born 1731 — Died 1621 — aged 110. 

Sold to Ishmaelites.1714 

In prison 2 years. 1703 to 1701 

Governor of Egypt.1701 

7 years of plenty.. 1701 to 1694 

7 il 11 famine. 1694 to 1687 

Embalmed in Egypt.1621 

Buried in Shechem about.1421 

Interval 200 years. 












90 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Public Service. 

Joshua—S on of Nun. Born 1501, Died 1391, age 
110. See pages 8, 9, 10. 

From Jordan to division of the land 6 yrs. 

Division of land to death of Joshua 40 yrs. 

Ruled Israel.. . 1437 to 1391 

Josiah— Born 648—Died 609—aged 39. 

Reigned in Judah. 640 to 609 

Prophecy of 961 fulfilled in birth of Josiah . 648 

Interval 313 years. 

Jotham— King of Judah. Born 791, Died 742, 
aged 49. 


Reigned as regent. 


757 

to 

742 

“ alone 1 year. 


743 

to 

742 

Judas Aristobulus—K ing of the Jews 1 yr. 

B.C. 

104 


Judas Maccabeus—H ighpriest of the Jews 3 

yrs. b. 

c. 163 

to 

160 

Nation “ 7 years without a Highpriest” 

. b.c. 

160 

to 

153 

KaDesh-barnea—I srael arrived . . 

July 

1476 



[Ayn Qadees] “ departed . . 

July 

1438 



Interval 38 years. 




Karkar Battle . 


854 




Fought by Shalmaneser II and Syrian kings. 
Kenezites— Settled near the Kenites South of 
Arad. Caleb the commander of Israel was 
a Kenezite. 

Kenites— Their land first mentioned Gen. 15, 19 1921 


Jethro, father-in-law of Moses.1476 

Kenites af Jericho. 1431 

Kenites with Judah. 1430 

Kenites at Kadesh. 1313 


The Rechabites were descendants of the 
Kenites. See Jehonadab. 

Kohath— Father of Amram, Born about 1675, 

Died 1542, age 133. 

Korah —Dathan and Abiram buried alive . . 1474 


Lamech— Father of Noah. Born 3827—Died 3050 
—aged 777. 

Land Divided —By Joshua and Eleazar . . . 1431 

Last Date— Given by Old Testament . b.c. 433 
Law —Given on Sinai .... 1477 








CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 

Levi —Father of Kohath. Born 1734—Died 1597— 
aged 137. 

Line of Eleazar— The highpriest. 

1st Phinehas, 2 Abishua, 3 Bukki, 4 Uzzi, 5 

Zerahiah, 6 Meraioth. 

Line of Ithamar— Brother of Eleazar. 

7th Eli, 8 Ahitub I, 9 Ahimelech, or Ahiah, 10 

Abiathar. 

Line of Eleazar— Continued. 

11 Amariah — 12 Ahitub — 13 Zadok — 
14 Ahimaaz — 15 Azariah I — 16 Jehoiada 
— 17 Azariah II — 18 Shallum or Meshallum 
— 19 Hilkiah— 20 Azariah III — 21 Seraiah 
—22 Jehozadak or Jozadak— 23 Jeshua or 
Joshua —24 Jehoiakim— 25 Eliashib— 26 
Joiada —27 Jonathan— 28 Jaddua . 

Lunar Eclipse—M arch 13, b.c. 4 followed by the 
Feast of Purim . . . March 14 b.c. 

Lunar Eclipse—J anuary 9, b.c. 1 followed by the 
death of Herod in the same month b.c. 

Mahalaleel— Born 4506 — Died 3611 — aged 895. 
Manasseh— Born 710 — Died 654 — aged 56 . 
Mattaniah or Zedekiah —King of Judah . 
Mattathias— The Chasid, father of the Maccabees 
Menahem— The usurper — King of Israel — See 

Dynasty. 

Menelaus— Highpriest of the Jews .... 
Mephibosheth— Son of Jonathan. Born 1046. 
Merodach-baladan —King of Babylon . 

Visited Hezekiah. 

Methuselah —Born 4014—Died 3045—aged 969. 

Micah— The prophet Jer. 26, 18 . 

Michal— Daughter of Saul and wife of David. In 
ii Sam. 21, 8. Read for “Michal”—Merab. 
Micaiah —The prophet warned Ahab .... 
Midianites— The Descendants of Abraham by 
Keturah. 

Miriam— Born about 1565, Died 1475, age 90. 

Song at Red Sea ..... May 

Afflicted with leprosy .... June 

Died at Kadesh.March 


91 

Public Service. 


1438 to 1160 


1160 to 1001 


1001 to 433 
4 
1 


698 to 642 
597 to 585 
168 

771 to 761 
173 to 163 

721 to 702 
713 

753 to 705 


883 


1477 

1476 

1475 






92 CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 

Public Service. 

Moabite—S tone, record of Mesha the king . . 909 to 869 

Moabites—D escendants of Lot who settled East 
of the Dead Sea. 

Moses—B orn 1557—Died 1437—aged 120. 

Moses slew an Egyptian.1517 

“ appeared before Pharoah . ‘. . . 1478 

“ in the Wilderness till.1437 

Belonged to “ the 4th generation” (Gen. 15,16) 

1st Levi, 2 Kohath, 3 Amram, 4 Moses. 

Mount Hor [Jebel Madurah]—I srael Mourned 

for Aaron July 20 to August 20 ... . 1438 

Nabonidus—K ing of Babylon. 555 to 541 

With Belshazzar his son .... 541 to 538 

Nadab—K ing of Israel. Reigned 1 year . .. . 939 

Nahor—B orn 2241—Died. 2093—aged 148. 

Nahum—T he prophet spoke concerning Nineveh. 

Josephus says,.701 

Nahshon—H ead of Tribe of Judah and father of 

Salmon. Died in Wilderness before . . . 1437 

Nathan—T he prophet. 

During David's reign.1041 to 1001 

Nebuchadnezzar—M ade king of Babylon . . 605 

Reigned. 605 to 562 

Nehemiah—G overnor for Persia. 445 to 433 

Arrived in Jerusalem . .. July 9 445 

Proposed to rebuild Temple “ 12 445 

Wall finished .... Sept. 2 445 

Feast of Tabernacles . . “ 7 to 15 445 

Fast of “ Rejoicing of the Law” “ 30 445 

Nergal-sar-usur Jer. 39, 3,13 —King of Babylon . 560 to 556 

Substitute his name for that of EviLMerodach 
in ii Kin. 25, 27. Jer. 52, 31, 3. 

Nineveh’s—G reat reformation. 

The prophet Jonah.808 

Nineveh Destroyed.607 

“ No King in Israel”—L ast 5 chapters of Judges 1391 to 1371 
Noah—B orn 3645—Died 2695—aged 950. 

Obadiah—T he prophet. 586 to 583 

Obed—S on of Boaz and Ruth. Born about 1140. 







CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 93 

Public Service. 

Obed —The prophet, about.736 

Og —King of Bashan. 1438 

Olympiads —The 185th covered b.c. 40 to 36; the 
194th covered b.c. 4 to a.d. 1. 

Olympic Games —Instituted .... July 1 776 

Omri— Alone, King of Israel—See Dynasty . . 909 to 903 

Othniel— The judge. 1363 to 1359 


Patriarchs —Adam, Seth, Enos, Cainan, Maha- 
laleel, Jared, Enoch, Methusalah, Lamech, 
Noah, Shem, Arphaxad, Salah, Eber, Peleg, 
Reu, Serug, Nahor, Terah, Abraham, Isaac, 
Jacob, and Job. 

Pkkah —Reigned in Israel—[No interregnum] . 
Pekahiah— King of Israel. Reigned 2 years . 
Peleg— Born 2633, Died 2394, age 239. 

Persia —Conquered at Cunaxa . . . b.c. 

“ by Alexander . . b.c. 

Pharoah-necho —Slew Josiah. 

Philip —The tetrarch, Son of Herod, reigned from 
b.c. 1 to a.d. 37. Agrippa his successor in a.d. 37 
Phinehas —Son of Eleazar. Highpriest probably 

30 years. 

Pontius Pilate —Roman governor of Judah 


759 to 730 
761 to 759 

401 

331 

609 


1408 to 1378 


a.d. 26 to 36 inclusive. 

Poros and Chinzeros —Kings of Babylon 
(Porus= Pul=Tiglath-pileser.) 

Pompey— Took Jerusalem, May 24 . 

Promise made to Abraham in . . 

Prophets of Baal —Slain by Elijah . 

Slain by Jehu 

Queen Alexandra —Reigned over the Jews 

Rahab or Rachab of Jericho. 

Wife of Salmon of tribe Judah. [Matt. 
The “Pocahontas” of Israel’s history. 
Rechab— Father of Jehonadab .... 

Red Sea Crossing. 

Rehoboam —King of Judah. Reigned . 
Born 1002^Died 943—aged 59. 



731 

B.C. 

63 

# , 

1907 

m 

888 

• • 

869 

B.C. 

76 

1,5] 

1437 


869 

May 

1477 

. 

961 


to 


to 


to 


726 


67 


943 






94 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Public Service. 


Reu— Born 2503—Died 2264—aged 239. 

Reuben —Eldest son of Jacob, Born 1737. 

Rezin —King of Syria. 745 to 732 

Roman Years—a.u.c. 752= b.c. 2 ; a.u.c. 782= 
a.d. 29; a.u.c. 786= a.d. 33. 

Rome —Founded.April 21 753 

Ruth —Wife of Boaz. Born in Moab, about 1170. 


Sabbatic Year —Last observance of the 


commandment in .... 

B.C. 

1080 

Last of series of omissions . 

B.C. 

590 

Babylonian Captivity 70 years. 

(n Chron. 36, 21). 

. Diff. 

490 years 


Salah— Bom 2897 — Died 2464 — aged 433. — . - 

Salmon— Son of Nahshon. Probably one of the 
spies sent out of Jericho. Born in Wilder¬ 
ness about.1460 

Married Rahab of Jericho—Matt. 1, 5. 

Samaria —Capital of Israel. 908 to 722 

Samaria —Taken by Sargon.722 

Samson— The judge . 1180 to 1160 

Samuel —The prophet. Born 1144—Died 1043— 
aged 101. 

Ruler of Israel . 1120 to 1081 

Judge.1081 to 1043 

At Mizpeh.1100 

Sanctuary— Of Herod’s Temple dedicated b.c. 18 

“ Forty and six years was this Temple in 

building”. b.c. 18 to a.d. 29 

Sarah —Wife of Abraham. Born 1973—Died 1846 
—aged 127. 

Sargon— King of Assyria . 722 to 704 

Saul— Son of Kish. First King of Israel . . . 1081 to 1041 

Born 1104, Died 1041, age 63. 

Sceptre— “ Departed from Judah” (Gen. 49,16) b.c. 1 

Seleucidae Era : 

Greek standard .... October 1 b.c. 312 

Babylonian “ .... March b.c. 311 

Josephus “ .... October 1 b.c. 312 

I and II Maccabees standard October 1 b.c. 312 

Sennacherib —King of Assyria. . . . 704 to 680 














CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 


95 

Public Service. 


Septuagint —Greek translation of the Old Testa¬ 
ment made by the Seventy ... b.c. 
Serug —Born 2373—Died 2143—aged 230. 
Servitudes —(Total 92 years): 

Mesopotamia. 


284 


Canaanites. 

Midianites. 

Philistines and Ammonites . 

Philistines. 

Seth— Son of Adam. Born 5071 
aged 912. 

Seventy WEEKS^Dan. 9, 24 . . 490 years. 

Passover of b.c. 458 to Passover of a.d. 33. 
Shadrach, Meshach, Abed-nego— Were made 


8 years 

. 1371 to 1363 

18 

u 

. 1359 to 1341 

20 

ll 

. 1333 to 1313 

7 

it 

. 1309 to 1302 

19 

ti 

. 1250 to 1231 

20 

ll 

. 1200 to 1180 


-Died 4159- 


officers of Babylon. 


603 


Placed in fiery furnace. 


593 


Were promoted. 


592 


Shallum—R eigned 1 month in Judah 


772 


Shiloh—S acred city of Israel for 311 years 


1431 to 

1120 

Burnt by the Philistines in ... 


1120 


Shalmaneser II—King of Assyria 


860 to 

829 

His 6th year Battle Karkar . 


854 


“ 10th “ invaded Syria . 


850 


“ 18th “ Jehu paid tribute . 


842 


“ 21st “ went to Damascus . 


839 


Shalmaneser III—King of Assyria . . 


783 to 

773 

Shalmaneser IV—King of Assyria 


727 to 

722 

Shamgar—T he judge after Ehud . 


1334 to 

1333 

Shishak—K ing of Egypt, despoiled Temple 
Shem—T he 3rd son of Noah. Born 3145- 

-Died 

956 


2545—aged 600. 

Shemaiah—T he prophet, about . . . 


960 


Siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar 

• • 

606 


Dan. 1, 1. 

Sihon—K ing of Heshbon. 


1438 

143 

Simon—C aptain in the Maccabean period . 


145 to 

Simon—H ighpriest and Governor . 

B.C. 

143 to 

135 

Sinai—I srael arrived there. 

June 

1477 


“ departed. 

May 

1476 


Sisera—C ommander of Canaanites 

• • 

1313 

















96 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE HOLY BIBLE 


Public Service. 

Sodom and Gomorrah—D estroyed.1883 

Solomon—S on of David. Born 1024, Died 961, 

age 63. Reigned.1001 to 961 

Temple begun. 997 

“ finished.990 

Palace finished.977 

Standard Sabbatic Years.b.c. 37 and b.c. 30 

Sun Dial—E rected by Ahaz, about .... 733 

Tabernacle—I n Wilderness. 1477 to 1437 

In Canaan. 1437 to 1431 

At Shiloh.1431 to 1120 

Tabernacle and altar at Gibeon .... 1120 to 990 

Tadmor—B uilt by Solomon.975 

Tartan—C ommander of Assyrians .... 700 

Taxation—T axes collected a.d. 9 by Cyrenius 

Temple—S ervice ceased. b.c. 586 to 515 

Interval 70 years. 

Temple Despoiled by Antiochus Epiphanes, 

November 27. b.c. 168 

Temple of Herod— 82 years building b.c. 18 
to a.d. 65 

10,000 workmen employed in . b.c. 18 

18,000 “ discharged in . . . a.d. 64 

Terah—F ather of Abraham. Born 2112—Died 
1907—aged 205—see page 14. 

Tiberius Caesar—B egan to reign August 29 a.d. 14 
Upon death of Augustus Caesar 
Died ....... March 16 a.d. 37 

Tiberius 1st year completed August 29 a.d. 15 

“ 15th “ “ August 29 “ 29 

“ 23rd ended August 29 “ 37 

Tibni and Omri—R eigned in Israel .... 914 to 909 

Tiglath-pileser IV—King of Assyria. . . 745 to 727 

Known also by name of Pul or Poros. 

Received tribute from Uzziah .... 743 

Tirzeh—C apital of Israel.961 to 908 

Tola—T he judge. 1295 to 1272 

Tower of Babel and Confusion of Tongues . . 2633 

Uzziah or Azariah—B orn 826, Died 743, age 83. 

Reigned actively ..810 to 757 















CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 97 

Public Service. 

Smitten with leprosy and 

Reigned passively. 757 to 743 

Urijah—P rophesied against Jerusalem about . 607 

Wilderness—F or 40 years. 1477 to 1437 

Stayed at Sinai .... 11 months 

Stayed at Kadesh ... 38 years 

On the journey . . . . 13 months 

Xerxes—K ing of Persia. 485 to 465 

Called “ Ahasuerus” in Hebrew. 

See book of Esther. 

Zachariah—L ast of House of Jehu. Reigned 6 mos. 772 

Zadoic—T he priest.1010 to 970 

Zechariah—S on of Jehoiada, slain . . . . 828 

Zechariah—T he prophet, grandson of Iddo . . 520 to M8 

Zedekiah—K ing of Judah. Born 618. 

Called also Mattaniah. Reigned . 597 to 586 

Visited Babylon in honor of Nebuchadnezzar’s 

golden image. Jer. 51, 59 . 593 

Carried captive to Babylon.586 

Zephaniah—T he prophet.about 630 

Zerubbabel: 

Cyrus gave freedom . . . b.c. 538 

Laid foundation of Temple . April 28 536 

Cambyses stopped the work.529 

Darius removed the injunction Oct. 17 520 

“ Peace on Earth ” . . . Feb. 25 519 

Temple finished .... Feb. 19 515 

Zerubbabel died later than the battle of 
Marathon. See Hag. 2, 23. 

Battle of Marathon was fought . . b.c. 490 

Zerubbabel’s Temple to Nehemiah’s Temple . . 515 to 445 

Interval 70 years. 

Zimri—R eigned 7 days in Israel ..... 915 

Zoan or Rameses—A ncient Egyptian city, built 
7 years later than Hebron. Scene of Israel’s 
servitude, after death of Joseph . . . • 1621 to 1477 

Interval 144 years. Psalm 78, 43. 

The name of Rameses was given to the city 
many years after the time of the Exodus. 

























' 



. 


APPENDIX 


% 








(99 ^ 








BOOKS OF OLD TESTAMENT 


ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY 


Genesis . 


Joel . 

.B.C. 

800 

Job . 

. “ A700 

Amos . 

< i 

788 

Exodus . 

. “ 1620 

Hosea .. 

< l 

775 

Leviticus. 

. “ 1475 

Micah. 

i i 

753 

Numbers. 

. “ 1475 

Isaiah. 

ii 

744 

Deuteronomy. 

. “ 1438 

Nahum . 

i i 

701 

Joshua . 

. “ 1437 

Zephaniah . 

a 

630 

Judges . 

. “ 1390 

Jeremiah . 

i i 

627 

Ruth . 

. “ 1170 

Habakkuk . 


615 

I Samuel . 

. “ 1130 

Daniel . 

a 

606 

II Samuel . 

. “ 1041 

Ezekiel . 

a 

592 

I Chronicles . 

. “ 1040 

Obadiah . 

a 

586 

Psalms . 

. “ 1025 

Lamentations .... 

<< 

580 

I Kings . 

. “ 1004 

Haggai . 

(( 

520 

II Chronicles. 

. “ 1001 

Zechariah. 

u 

520 

Song of Solomon. . . 

. “ 980 

Esther . 

u 

479 

Dyi/ATrnvna 

“ 970 

Ezra ... 

u 

458 

Ecclesiastes . 

. “ 965 

Nehemiah. 

it 

445 

II Kings . 

. " 882 

Malachi . 


420 

Jonah . 

. “ 808 


39 Books. 
































































• • 








! 










































HIGH PRIESTS OF ISRAEL 


AARON—HIGH PRIEST. 
b.c. 1477 to 1438. 

, \ 

“eleazar and ithamar ministered in the priest’s office in the sight 

OF AARON THEIR FATHER.” 


Eleazar. 

... I Chron. xxiv: 2 

Phinehas .>.... 

.B.C. 

1350 

Abishua. 

U 

1300 

Bukki. 

U 

1260 

Uzzi. 

a 

1220 

Zerahiah. 

u 

1180 

Meraioth. 

u 

1140 

Amariah. 

u 

1100 

Ahitub. 

u 

1060 

Zadok. 

a 

1020 

Ahimaaz. 

u 

980 

Azariah I. 

u 

870 

Jehoiada. 

u 

850 

Azariah II. 

n 

730 

Shallum. 

u 

720 

Hilkiah. 

a 

710 

Azariah III.... 

u 

690 

Seraiah. 

a 

680 

Jehozadak . 

u 

670 

Jeshua. 

u 

650 

Jehoiakim. 

ll 

610 

Eliashib. 

u 

520 

Joiada. 

it 

430 

Jonathan. 

u 

420 

Jaddua. 

u 

400 


Ithagnar.Num. iii: 4 

No name .b.c. 1350 

•I n _ 

(( u _ 

u u _ 

(( << _ 

Eli. “ 1140 

Ahitub. “ 1100 

Ahimelech-Ahiah. “ 1060 

Abiathar. “ 1020 


End of the 
Ithamar Line. 

/ 


End of the 
Eleazar Line. 


( 103 ) 
































































































* 



















































































































/ 





















i 










































LINE OF THE PROPHETS. 


Samuel.The Seer (lived 101 years) b.c. 1120 

Nathan..... “ in Saul’s reign “ 1070 

Gad. “ in David’s reign “ 1025 

Iddo. “ in Solomon’s reign “ 1000 

Shemaiah. “ in Rehoboam’s reign “ 960 

Ahijah. “ in Rehoboam’s reign “ 950 

Jehoiada .. (Grandson of Iddo, lived 130 years) “ 930 

Zechariah. “ 896 

Elijah. “ 890 

Elisha.(lived 90 years) “ 880 

Jonah. “ 808 

Joel. “ 800 

Amos. “ 790 

Hosea. “ 780 

Micah. “ 750 

Isaiah.(lived 95 years) “ 744 

Nahum. “ 700 

Zephaniah. “ 630 

Jeremiah.. • (hved 80 years) “ 627 

Habbakkuk. “ 

Daniel. “ 606 

Ezekiel. “ 692 

Obadiah. “ 686 

Haggai. “ 620 

Zechariah. “ 620 

Ezra. “ 458 

Nehemiah. “ 445 

Malachi. “ 420 

John the Baptist. B * c - 2 to a.d. 32 


( 105 ) 


































ANCESTRY OF SAMUEL TRACED TO JACOB. 


Generations. 

Ancestors. 

References. 

Patriarch 

Jacob 

1 Genesis 25, 26 

1st generation 

Levi — say b.c. 1734 

Genesis 46,11—Num. 3,17 i 
Exod. 6, 16—i Chron. 6, 1 J 

2nd 

Kohath 

Gen. 46, 11—Exod. 6, 16 

3rd 

Izhar, Amminadab ^ 

Exod. 6, 18—Num. 3, 19^ 


or Izehar f 

i Chron. 6, 22 J 

4tb 

Korah 

Exod. 6, 21—Num. 16, 1— 



i Chron. 6, 22 

5tb 

Abiasaph, or Ebiasaph 

Exod. 6, 24—Num 26, 11 \ 



i Chron. 6, 23 1 

6th 

Assir (SALMON) 

i Chron. 6, 23, 37 

7th 

Tahath 

“ vi, 24, 37 

8th 

Uriel, or Zephaniah 

“ “ 24, 36 

9th 

Uzziah, or Azariah 

“ “ 24, 36 

10th 

Shaul, or Joel . 

“ “ 24, 36 

11th 

Elkanah I . 

“ " 36 

12th 

Amasai ... 

“ “ 25, 35 

13th 

Mahath. 

“ ‘ 35 

14th 

Elkanah II. 

“ “ 26, 35 

15th 

Zophai, or Zuph . 

“ “ 26,35. i Sam. 1,1 

16th 

Nahath, Toah, or Tohu . 

i Chron. vi, 26, 34 — 

I7tb 

(BOAZ) 

I Sam. 1, 1 

Eliab, Eliel, or Elihu 

i Chron. vi, 27, 34 — 



i Sam. 1, 1 

I8tb 

Jeroham ... 

i Chron. vi, 27, 34— 



i Sam. 1, 1 

19th 

Elkanah Ill ... 

i Chron. vi, 27, 34— 



i Sam. 1, 1 

20th 

Samuel,. 

i Chron. vi, 28, 33— 



i Sam. 1, 20 

21st 

Joel 

i Chron. vi, 28, 33. i Sam. 8,2 

22nd 

Heman—say b.c. 1074 

i Chron. vi, 33—xvi, 41 

23rd 

Bukkiah and others 

I Chron. xxv, 4, 5 


The table gives 22 generations in 660 years, an average of say 30 years 
to a generation. This unbroken line of descent affords an admirable check 
upon the 480 years—measure of the period—between the Exodus and the 
building of Solomon’s Temple (see i Kin. 6, 1)—Salmon to Boaz, 10 gen¬ 
erations. Deu. 23, 3. Boaz married Ruth the Moabitess. 

( 107 ) 
























































































































